Understanding Fluid Pressure and Its Properties
Pressure
Definition
Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
Fluid Pressure
If we have a liquid in a container, the fluid pressure exerted on the bottom of the container is defined as follows: To define the pressure at another point (internal fluid), we isolate the top of the fluid.
We take an elemental surface (AS) around the point and consider the force (AF) exerted on that surface.
P = (AF / AS)
The pressure at the point is obtained when AS approaches 0:
P = Lim (AF / AS) (AS -> 0) = (dF / dS)
In
Read MoreElectromagnetic Radiation: A Comprehensive Guide
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is Electromagnetic Radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation is a type of energy transmitted through space at enormous speeds, containing electric and magnetic components.
Current Theory
The current theory used to explain the behavior of electromagnetic radiation is the dual theory (wave-particle duality).
Wavelength
The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is the distance between two successive maximum or minimum points in the wave, measured in meters or centimeters.
Frequency
The
Read MoreStructure of the Atom: A Quantum Perspective
Structure of the Atom
Dalton’s atomic theory postulated that matter is made up of indivisible atoms. This concept held for nearly a century until Becquerel’s discovery of natural radioactivity revealed alpha, beta, and gamma particles. The true nature of subatomic particles emerged with the use of discharge tubes.
The Electron and Thomson’s Atomic Model
Studies of gas conductivity at low pressure in discharge tubes revealed cathode rays, a stream of negatively charged particles. These particles traveled
Read MoreOscillatory Motion and Waves
Oscillatory Motion
Periodic Movement
Oscillatory motion, or periodic movement, occurs when a particle experiences displacement from its equilibrium position. When the disturbance is small, the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium (x): F = -Kx. The negative sign indicates that the force opposes the displacement.
Simple Harmonic Motion
Knowledge of the force allows us to use Newton’s second law to obtain the differential equation that governs the particle’s trajectory:
Read MoreSolved MRUA Exercises
MRUA exercises solved.
To review carefully put in parentheses. Make no mistake.
1 .- A body moves from rest with constant acceleration of 8 m / s 2. Calculate: a) the speed is within 5 s, b) the distance traveled from rest, in the first 5 s.
Data:
v i = 0 (m / s)
a = 8 (m / s 2)
v f = v i + at = 0 (m / s) + 8 (m / s 2) x 5 (s) = 40 (m / s)
d = v i t + at 2 / 2 = 0 (m / s) x 5 (s) + 8 (m / s 2) x (5 (s)) 2 / 2 = 100 (m)
2 .- The velocity of a vehicle increases smoothly from 15 km / h to 60
Motion and Kinematics Key Concepts
Displacement and Distance
- The variation of the position vector that a particle experiences in a time interval is called displacement.
- The displacement vector is independent of the path followed by the particle.
- The distance traveled by a particle is greater than or equal to the magnitude of the displacement.
- The distance traveled is equal to the magnitude of displacement if the path is straight with no change in direction.
Velocity and Speed
- If a particle starts at point P and returns to P after a time