Understanding Light and Vision
Light and Vision
Properties of Light
Light: An object capable of emitting light itself.
Opaque: A material that does not allow light to pass through.
Translucent: A material that allows some light to pass through.
Light Ray: A straight line representing the direction and propagation of light. It is a graphic representation with no thickness.
Light Beam: A physical representation of light. When light passes through a thin slit, it forms a beam, which has thickness.
Shadows: Formed when an object blocks
Read MoreUnderstanding Electromagnetic Radiation and Atomic Structure
Electromagnetic Radiation and Atomic Structure
Electromagnetic radiation: E-space propagation involves magnetic and electric waves.
Electric No-Load Movement: Creates magnetic and electric fields.
The nature of electromagnetic radiation is twofold:
- Corpuscular: Emission of small corpuscles or particles (Newton).
- Wave: Wave-type disturbance (Maxwell). Light has a dual nature: wave-particle.
Experimental facts that determine the structure of the atom: The experience of electrical discharges in vacuum tubes,
Read MoreKey Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Concepts Defined
Reynolds Number
A dimensionless coefficient related to critical velocity. Above a certain speed, fluid flow transitions from laminar (layered) to turbulent. It can be calculated using fluid properties, velocity, and a characteristic length (e.g., Re = ρvd/μ).
Compressibility Factor (Z)
A measure of the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior. Defined as Z = Pv / RT, where v is the molar volume (V/n), P is pressure, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.
Triple Line
Represents states
Read MoreThermodynamics, Waves, and Mechanics: Physics Q&A
Thermodynamics, Waves, and Mechanics: Physics Q&A
Q.1 Zeroth’s Law of Thermodynamics
Answer: The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Q.2 Sign Convention in Thermodynamics
Answer: The sign convention used in the measurement of heat, work, and internal energy is:
- Heat added to the system is positive.
- Work done by the system is positive.
- Change in internal energy is
Early Electrical Devices, Charge, and Energy Principles
Leyden Jar: Early Electricity Storage
In 1746, the scientist Peter van Musschenbroek at Leiden University in Holland managed to store electricity in a bottle of water. To do this, he passed a metal rod through the cork and inserted it into the water. The rod had a hook on the top, to which he approached an electrically charged body. In one of his experiments, he received an electric shock when bringing his hand to the rod: he had successfully managed to store electricity. Shortly thereafter, this
Read MoreUnderstanding Gravitational Fields and Potential Energy
Gravitational Field Strength
The purpose of a gravitational field manifests at a point where a test mass is placed. The gravitational field strength (or field intensity vector) at a point is equal to the force exerted on a unit mass placed at that point. The vector equation is:
g = -G (M / r³) r
Where G is the gravitational constant, M is the source mass, r is the distance from the source mass, and r is the position vector.
The field strength at a point is characterized by:
- Magnitude: g = GM / r²
- Direction: