Electric Charge and Fields: Principles and Laws
**Concept of Electric Charge**
Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter. In nature, there are only two types of charges: positive (+) and negative (-). Electric charge is a scalar quantity and is measured in Coulombs (C). Attractive forces exist between bodies with opposite charges, while repulsive forces exist between bodies with the same charge. Matter consists of electrons and protons. The magnitude of the charge on both particles is the same. Protons are located in the nucleus, and
Read MoreUnderstanding Forces and Equilibrium: A Comprehensive Analysis
Sum of Non-Concurrent Parallel Forces
The point of application of the two forces differs. When forces are parallel in the same direction, we add the two modules of the two forces: R = F1 + F2. The direction is parallel to the line of the two forces, and their meaning is the same as that of the two forces.
To know the position of point P, at which point your application is now, we can show that the following is met: F1 * x = F2 * (d – x). Where:
- x is the distance separating the point P resulting from
Magnetism, Electricity, and Atomic Structure: Key Concepts
What is Magnetism and How is it Characterized?
This phenomenon manifests itself in certain substances (iron, cobalt, and nickel) and is characterized by the appearance of attractive or repulsive forces on other bodies.
What is the Magnetic Field and How is it Measured?
Physical properties generated in a region of space by a magnet or electric current, which exerts a force on charged or magnetized bodies located nearby, are measured in the International System as Teslas.
What are 4 Characteristics of
Read MoreThermodynamic Properties: Monatomic and Diatomic Gases
Deriving Values of Cv, Cp, and γ for Monatomic and Diatomic Gases
Monatomic Gases
For monatomic gases, the internal energy (U) is given by:
U = (3/2) nRT
where n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.
The specific heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) is defined as:
Cv = (∂U/∂T)v
Substituting the expression for U, we get:
Cv = (3/2) nR
The specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) is defined as:
Cp = (∂H/∂T)p
where H is the enthalpy. For an ideal gas, H = U
Atomic Models: From Cathode Rays to Bohr’s Theory
Cathode Rays: Electrons
The study of electrical discharges through gases was the origin of the discovery of the electron. Gases at atmospheric pressure do not normally conduct electric current; they are almost perfect insulators. For example, an electric spark requires an enormous potential of 30,000 V to jump between two spheres separated by 1 cm. If the distance increases, the potential difference required for the spark to jump also increases. However, gases become increasingly good conductors
Read MoreEnergy, Kepler’s Laws, and Fluid Dynamics: Key Concepts
ITEM 5: Energy
Energy is a property of bodies or material systems that produces changes in how people work and/or heat.
- 1 J = 0.24 cal
- 1 J = 103 kJ
- 1 cal = 4.18 J
- 1 kcal = 103 cal
Mechanical energy (EM) is the energy linked to the position or the movement of bodies. There are two types of EM:
EM = Ec + Ep
Ec: The energy that bodies have due to the fact of being in motion. Its value depends on body mass and speed.
Ep: The energy that bodies have because they occupy a certain position. Depending on the body