Cell Theory and Microscopy: History and Fundamentals
Findings that Preceded the Cell Theory
- In 1661, the Italian physician and physiologist Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), the first researcher to use the microscope in medicine, discovered capillaries, arterioles connecting with small veins, so was able to complete the scheme of blood circulation. He was also the first to discover the red corpuscles that give color to the blood.
- In 1665, a noted English scientist named Robert Hooke (1635-1703) published the results of his microscopic observations in plant
Optical Fiber Losses and Dispersion: Types and Mitigation
Types of Absorption Losses
1. Intrinsic Absorption
Intrinsic absorption arises due to the fundamental properties of the silica material used in optical fibers. It is caused by the interaction of light with the atoms and molecules in the glass structure.
Causes of Intrinsic Absorption:
- Ultraviolet (UV) Absorption:
- Occurs at wavelengths below 400 nm (UV range).
- Caused by electronic transitions of atoms in silica.
- Leads to high losses in the UV region but does not significantly affect wavelengths used in
Understanding Mechanics: Statics, Dynamics, and Kinematics
The Mechanics
The three branches of mechanics are statics, dynamics, and kinematics.
Objective: Studying Motion
Kinematics describes the motion of bodies using variables such as:
Length: The key variable is the meter.-
Time: The fundamental unit is the second.
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Mass: The fundamental unit is the kilogram.
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Number of substances: The fundamental unit is the mole.
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Electric Current: The fundamental unit is the ampere.
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Luminous Intensity: The fundamental unit is the candela.
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Temperature: The fundamental unit
Cosmology: Origin and Evolution of the Universe
**Modern Cosmology**
Cosmology studies the structure, origin, and development of the universe. Astronomy is the science of the stars, based on the information provided to us by the electromagnetic radiation that reaches us from them. Astrophysics applies the laws of physics to study the nature and behavior of stars. Mathematical models are a set of equations that describe physical systems and help to further study the properties of the system they describe.
Static and Infinite Model
In the early twentieth
Read MoreCircular Motion: Understanding Key Concepts and Uniform Motion
Circular Motion
Circumference
The circle is a continuously curved contour whose points are all equidistant from a central point, called the center of the circle. The constant distance from any point on the circumference is called the radius.
The circle represents the area contained within them, called the circle, the most enigmatic of all, considered perfect by our ancestors. Its directivity is the curve associated with movement, framing, repetition, and heat.
Radius
In classical geometry, the radius
Read MoreAtomic and Nuclear Physics: Key Concepts and Principles
Blackbody Radiation
Radiant exitance is the energy emitted per unit time per unit area of a body at a certain temperature. The spectral distribution of thermal radiation depends on the nature and state of the radiating surface. A particular pattern is used to study this dependence, this pattern is called a blackbody: it is a body that is capable of absorbing all the radiation incident on it without reflecting anything. The distribution and study of the spectral blackbody emitted at different temperatures
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