Current Electricity and Nuclear Physics Fundamentals
Current Electricity: Chapters 21, 22, and 23
Key Definitions and SI Units
- Electric Current (A): The rate of flow of charge.
- Electric Power (W): The rate of energy dissipation.
- Electric Charge (C): The amount of energy or electrons transferable through methods like friction, induction, or conduction.
- Potential Difference (V): The energy per unit charge that causes current to flow; also known as voltage.
- Electrical Resistance (Ω): The opposition to the flow of current from a voltage source.
- Electrical
Optical Communication Systems: Evolution and Fiber Types
Optical Communication: Core Requirements
Optical communication requires a coherent source and a suitable transmission medium.
Evolution of Lightwave Transmission Systems
- 1st Generation (0.85µm): Operated at a bit rate of 45 Mb/s with a repeater spacing of 10 km. The main advantage was larger repeater spacing compared to coaxial systems, leading to reduced installation and maintenance costs.
- 2nd Generation (1.3µm): Utilized single-mode fibers at 1.7 Gb/s with a repeater spacing of 50 km. Repeater spacing
Physics Formulas and Concepts: A Quick Reference
Physics Formulas and Concepts
V = Δt / Δs DT → VT, use slopes VT → DT, use area VT → AT, use slopes AT → VT, use area S(t) = S∘ + VΔt + ½aΔt² ∆s = ½(Vi + Vf)∆t ∆s = Vf∆t – ½aΔt² Vf² = Vi² – Vi² = 2a∆s Note: if velocity is doubled the breaking distance will quadruple.
3[S]+4[W] = √3² + 4²[ tan⁻¹(4/3) W) = 5[S 53° W] 13[N 27° E] = 13sin27° [E] + 13 cos 27°[N] = 5.9[E] + 11.55 [N] sine gives [E] / [W] cosine [N] / [S] Note: doing tan⁻¹(
Read MoreNewton’s Corpuscular Theory of Light: Reflection and Refraction
Newton’s Corpuscular Theory of Light
According to this theory, developed in 1671 by the English physicist Isaac Newton, light was the projection or release of small material corpuscles (Newton called them “hits”) from the light source. These corpuscles are propagated at high speed in a straight line (because of their inertia) through all semi-transparent and homogeneous media.
Reflection Explained by the Corpuscular Model
This particle model successfully explains not only the rectilinear propagation
Read MoreUnderstanding Light, Atomic Models, and Quantum Mechanics
Nature of Light
Early Theories: Newton proposed that light consists of particles (corpuscular nature), while Huygens suggested a wave-like nature. Young demonstrated that light could be diffracted.
Wave Definition
A wave is the propagation of a vibrational disturbance that transmits energy, but not matter. Any wave is characterized by its amplitude, frequency, and wavelength.
Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory
Maxwell’s theory considers light as an electromagnetic wave, a non-material entity. The electromagnetic
Read MoreElectrical Installation Zones & Conductor Standards
Altitude-Based Electrical Installation Zones
Zone A: Below 500 Meters Altitude
Zone A is located within 500 meters of altitude above sea level. No overhead ice load is taken into account.
Zone B: 500 to 1000 Meters Altitude
Zone B is situated at an altitude of between 500 and 1000 meters. Bare conductors are considered subject to the overhead of a sleeve of ice worth 180 * d grams per meter, where d is the conductor diameter in mm. On the wire in the overhead beam, 60 * d grams per meter will be considered,
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