Fundamental Energy Systems, Radiation, and Climate Physics
1. Energy and Systems (Weeks 3–4)
- Energy is a real, quantifiable physical quantity.
- Exists in many forms: kinetic, potential, thermal, electromagnetic, nuclear, chemical, sound.
- Energy can change form, but total energy is conserved.
- Open system: exchanges both energy and mass.
- Closed system: exchanges energy only.
- Isolated system: exchanges neither energy nor mass.
- Scale and duration matter: a system may look isolated on short timescales but open on long ones.
2. Sound Energy and Intensity
- Sound energy
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਜੋੜ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਨਿਯਮ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਜੋੜਾਂ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਿਯਮ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਹੀ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਲਿਖਣ ਲਈ ਕੁਝ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਨਿਯਮ ਹਨ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਪਣਾ ਕੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਲਿਖਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਕਸਾਰਤਾ ਲਿਆ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ। ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ ‘ਤੇ ਇਹ ਨਿਯਮ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ,
Read MoreMolecular Geometry, Gas Laws, and Intermolecular Forces
Molecular Geometry and Hybridization
To determine electron domain geometry, molecular geometry, hybridization, polarity, and bond angles, you must count electron domains (bonding pairs and lone pairs) around the central atom of a Lewis structure.
- Electron Domain Geometry: The arrangement of all electron domains. For example, four domains result in a tetrahedral geometry.
- Molecular Geometry: The arrangement of only the atoms. For example, four domains with one lone pair result in a trigonal pyramidal
Planck’s Law: Blackbody Radiation and Quantum Physics
Planck’s Radiation Law: Detailed Analysis
Introduction:
Planck’s radiation law is a fundamental principle in quantum physics that explains the spectral distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a blackbody in thermal equilibrium. This law resolved the limitations of classical physics, especially the “ultraviolet catastrophe” predicted by the Rayleigh-Jeans law at short wavelengths.
Background: Resolving Spectral Failures
Before Planck, scientists used Wien’s law and Rayleigh-Jeans law to
Read MorePunjabi Translation Practice: Essential Words and Sentences
ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਅਭਿਆਸ: ਹਿੰਦੀ/ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਤੋਂ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਲਈ ਹਿੰਦੀ/ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਤੋਂ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਦਾ ਅਭਿਆਸ ਹੇਠਾਂ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ।
ਭਾਗ 1: ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦਾ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ (Word Translation)
ਹੇਠਾਂ ਦਿੱਤੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਹੀ
Read MoreQuantum Mechanics Fundamentals and Key Equations
COMPTON EFFECT
The Compton effect is the scattering of a high-frequency photon (like an X-ray or gamma-ray) after it collides with a charged particle, typically an electron. During this collision, the photon transfers some of its energy and momentum to the electron. As a result, the scattered photon has less energy and therefore a longer wavelength (λ’) than the incident photon (λ).
The change in wavelength, or Compton shift, is given by: Δλ = λ’ – λ = (h / m_e c) * (1 – cosθ)
where: h = Planck’
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