Core Principles of Physics and Electromagnetism
Inertial and Non-Inertial Reference Frames
Inertial and non-inertial frames of reference are two types of coordinate systems used to describe the motion of objects. An inertial frame is one where Newton’s laws of motion hold true, meaning an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by a force. In contrast, a non-inertial frame experiences acceleration, and Newton’s laws need to be modified with fictitious forces to account
Read MorePhysics Formulas: Gyration, Poisson Ratio, Relativity & Elasticity
Key Physics Concepts and Equations
(a) Radius of Gyration (k)
The radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the radial distance from the axis of rotation to a point where the entire mass of the body could be concentrated without changing its moment of inertia.
Mathematically, it is defined by the relation:
I = M k^2
Where:
- I is the moment of inertia.
- M is the total mass of the body.
- k is the radius of gyration (SI unit: meters).
(b) Poisson’s Ratio: Can It Be Negative?
Yes, the Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Read MoreFundamental Energy Systems, Radiation, and Climate Physics
1. Energy and Systems (Weeks 3–4)
- Energy is a real, quantifiable physical quantity.
- Exists in many forms: kinetic, potential, thermal, electromagnetic, nuclear, chemical, sound.
- Energy can change form, but total energy is conserved.
- Open system: exchanges both energy and mass.
- Closed system: exchanges energy only.
- Isolated system: exchanges neither energy nor mass.
- Scale and duration matter: a system may look isolated on short timescales but open on long ones.
2. Sound Energy and Intensity
- Sound energy
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਜੋੜ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਨਿਯਮ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਜੋੜਾਂ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਿਯਮ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਹੀ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਲਿਖਣ ਲਈ ਕੁਝ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਨਿਯਮ ਹਨ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਪਣਾ ਕੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਲਿਖਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਕਸਾਰਤਾ ਲਿਆ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ। ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ ‘ਤੇ ਇਹ ਨਿਯਮ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ,
Read MoreMolecular Geometry, Gas Laws, and Intermolecular Forces
Molecular Geometry and Hybridization
To determine electron domain geometry, molecular geometry, hybridization, polarity, and bond angles, you must count electron domains (bonding pairs and lone pairs) around the central atom of a Lewis structure.
- Electron Domain Geometry: The arrangement of all electron domains. For example, four domains result in a tetrahedral geometry.
- Molecular Geometry: The arrangement of only the atoms. For example, four domains with one lone pair result in a trigonal pyramidal
Planck’s Law: Blackbody Radiation and Quantum Physics
Planck’s Radiation Law: Detailed Analysis
Introduction:
Planck’s radiation law is a fundamental principle in quantum physics that explains the spectral distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a blackbody in thermal equilibrium. This law resolved the limitations of classical physics, especially the “ultraviolet catastrophe” predicted by the Rayleigh-Jeans law at short wavelengths.
Background: Resolving Spectral Failures
Before Planck, scientists used Wien’s law and Rayleigh-Jeans law to
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