Training Systems in Athletics
Classification Systems
Natural Systems and Releases
The classification of a natural system refers to its realization in nature and exploits the physical characteristics of the environment. By contrast, artificial systems aim to categorize based on specific characteristics and distances. We will adopt the following general classifications:
- Continuous Systems: Performed without pausing the training load.
- Fractional Systems: Characterized by dividing the training load into parts with recovery pauses between
Strength Training Principles and Methods
Training Cycles
Macrocycle
Macrocycles are involved in the development stages of a new physical and sports training plan. According to the objectives, they can last from one to three years, with the most common being the annual or seasonal macrocycle.
Mesocycle
Mesocycles are the parts into which a macrocycle is divided. They usually last from one and a half to three months, with specific goals within each macrocycle.
Microcycle
The microcycle is the smallest unit in which training is organized, lasting
Read MorePraxiology and Motor Actions in Sports
Key Concepts
Drive Communication
A set of relationships between participants in a praxiosocial situation (e.g., hitting an opponent in boxing, intercepting a ball, exchanging equipment in rhythmic gymnastics).
Motor Task
An organized set of motor objectives, engines, and environmental conditions. This constitutes the situation prior to praxiomotor action. Norms and conditions shape and define a game, sport, or physical act. Examples include the rules of a sport or game engine. A motor task distinguishes
Read MoreFront Crawl Technique: Propulsion and Recovery
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Initial Position: The arm is between the neck and the midline of the body, slightly below the shoulder. The elbow is at maximum flexion, looking out and slightly upward. The hand points out and back.
Final Position: The arm is almost fully extended along the side of the body. The elbow points upward and out of the water. The hand faces inward and upward, partially out of the water. The pull is complete.Neanderthals: Evolution, Characteristics, and Extinction
Neanderthals
Evolution and Characteristics
In the Sima de los Huesos site at Atapuerca, Spain, complete skeletons of at least 32 individuals dating back 300,000 years were discovered. These remains reveal that Homo neanderthalensis, or Neanderthal Man, evolved in Europe.
One defining characteristic of Neanderthals was their prominent brow ridges, a feature also present in the more developed Homo habilis and Homo ergaster. While this trait has disappeared in modern humans, it persisted until around
Read MoreClassical Greek Sculpture: Discus Thrower and Panathenaic Frieze
Discus Thrower
Myron, 5th Century BC
National Museum Rome
Technique: Casting
Material: Bronze (marble copy)
Dimensions: 1.35 meters
This work showcases Myron’s groundbreaking study of motion, muscle tension, and spatial integration, all within the principles of classical plasticity and frontal perspective. Ancient critics praised Myron’s realism and innovative approach to movement and symmetry but noted his lack of emotional depth and focus on superficial details.
Early Classical Era Influences
The Discus
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