Physical Education: Meaning, Definitions, Aims, and Objectives
Physical Education: Meaning and Core Concepts
Let’s begin by clarifying what Physical Education (PE) is not. PE does not mean punishing fitness and conditioning exercises (“No Pain, No Gain”), even when inflicted as a form of punishment (“Give twenty Pushups or twenty Dand Baithaks”). Physical Education is not merely play or recreational time when no instruction need occur, nor is it a non-intellectual activity with no claim to a place in formal education.
What Physical Education Truly Is
Physical
Read MoreMajor Human Joints: Anatomy, Function, and Injury Management
The Shoulder Joint: Anatomy and Function
The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is one of the most complex and mobile joints in the human body. It allows a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. However, its high mobility makes it susceptible to injuries and instability.
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
Bones Involved in the Shoulder
The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of three main
Read MoreClinical Surface Anatomy and Spinal Orthotic Management
Anterior Trunk Surface Landmarks
Thoracic Region (Chest)
- Clavicles: Easily palpable, running horizontally at the root of the neck.
- Jugular (Suprasternal) Notch: Midline depression at the superior border of the manubrium sterni.
- Sternal Angle (Angle of Louis): At the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum; corresponds to the 2nd costal cartilage and T4–T5 vertebrae.
- Sternum: Palpable midline bone; the body lies vertically down from the sternal angle.
- Ribs and Intercostal Spaces: Ribs 1–7
Optimizing Strength Training: Velocity, Squat Depth, and Equipment Choices
Squat Depth and Biomechanics
Deep Squats vs. Partial Squats
Deep front and back squats can allow performance-enhancing transfer effects of dynamic maximal strength to dynamic speed-strength capacity of hip and knee extensors compared with quarter squats. With increasing flexion, the wrapping effect leads to enhanced load distribution and force transfer at the knee.
The Wrapping Effect
- The quadriceps tendon contacts the femur beyond 70 degrees of knee flexion.
- This contact decreases the surface area,
Immediate Response to Medical Emergencies and Injuries
Cardiovascular Accidents (Stroke)
A cardiovascular accident, commonly referred to as a stroke, is a sudden interruption in the blood supply to the brain, typically caused by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel. This interruption deprives the brain of oxygen and nutrients, leading to brain cell damage or death. Although severe strokes can sometimes lead to cardiac arrest, many people make a full recovery.
Symptoms of Stroke
- Paralysis or weakness, often on one side of the body
- Speech difficulties
Muscle Strength and Speed: Training Principles and Physiology
Muscle Strength and Contraction Dynamics
Defining Strength
Strength: The ability to exert tension against resistance.
Types of Muscle Contractions
Isometric Contraction
A contraction in which no movement occurs in any joint. The muscle retains the same length (Force = Resistance).
Dynamic Contraction
A contraction that results in movement:
- Concentric Isotonic Contraction (F > R): If the muscle decreases length. Example: Raising the weight.
- Eccentric Isotonic Contraction (F < R): If the muscle lengthens.