Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Nihilism, Superman, and Western Critique
Nihilism is not merely a philosophical doctrine but a peculiar movement within the history of Western culture. It distinguishes between negative nihilism (following the ‘death of God,’ where there are no values or a supreme Almighty God; a denial of any inherent value) and positive nihilism (involving the revaluation of values and transmutation; an exaltation of the life force).
Stages of Nihilism
Nihilism progresses through three major stages:
Moment of Doubt
A consequence of the destruction of previously
Fundamental Terms in Mind, Behavior, and Evolution
Intelligence
The faculty unique to human beings that allows them to abstract from their immediate environment, contemplate the world, and strive to understand it.
Rationale
Derived from the Latin word logos (knowledge, science, reason), rationale refers to the provision for natural discourse without the aid of formal scientific methods.
Ethology
The scientific study of animal behavior in their natural environment.
Reason
The faculty of understanding and forming discourse.
Conscience
The inner awareness that
Read MoreEpistemology Fundamentals: Understanding Knowledge and Its Forms
The Theory of Knowledge
Introduction to Epistemology
The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of knowledge is called epistemology.
Cognitive Faculties and Knowledge Types
Sensitive Knowledge
Reason and sense are the two main instruments we use to experience reality. Thanks to our senses, we are aware of what is going on around us, which helps us to survive. Sensitive knowledge is the result of processing all this information in our minds.
The information that reaches our senses is made
Read MorePhilosophical Foundations: Descartes’ Doubt and Aristotle’s Hylemorphism
Descartes’ Methodical Doubt
Descartes’ Methodical Doubt is a systematic philosophical approach that involves questioning everything previously accepted as true. The goal is to identify what, if anything, can withstand all doubt and thus serve as an indubitable first principle.
Application of Methodical Doubt
Descartes applied his doubt to several areas:
- Sensory Experience: He argued that the senses can be deceptive. For example, “The senses have deceived us, and what we see is really a sheet” (referring
Plato’s Divided Line: Reality, Knowledge, and Philosophy
Plato’s Divided Line: Understanding Reality and Knowledge
Plato’s Divided Line clearly illustrates the dualism of Platonic philosophy regarding the conception of reality and knowledge. Plato establishes a clear correspondence between the structure of reality and forms of knowledge because, as he stated, the quality of knowledge depends on the nature of the objects known.
Plato illustrates this relationship between reality and knowledge with a line first divided into two main parts:
- The sensible world,
Essays on Personal Growth: Past, Childhood, and Determination
Does Your Past Define You?
One of the most debated issues today is whether our past determines our future. In recent years, this topic has gained importance as many believe that past experiences shape our identity. This issue affects personal growth, and there are many different viewpoints. However, I agree that our past does not define us. This essay discusses my opinion and addresses the opposing viewpoint.
There is no doubt that people can change and evolve. First, humans learn from mistakes and
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