Kant’s Universal Ethics and the Categorical Imperative

Kant’s Universal Ethics

In his critical review of reason, Immanuel Kant was not content to limit this analysis to the theoretical level; it should also cover reason’s proper function in the field of moral action. The goal, therefore, is to identify the conditions of possibility that allow us to deem an action moral.

Critique of Material Ethics

Kant proposed formal ethics based on universality as the foundation for moral action. According to Kant, all ethical systems defended up until then could be

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Common Fallacies in Reasoning: A Practical Analysis

Understanding Logical Fallacies

Fallacies of Ambiguity

Equivocation

The ambiguity arises because a term in the argument has multiple meanings.

Example: My neighbor is at the mechanic shop every day with his monkey. He must be a great animal lover.

Amphibology

The confusion stems from the grammatical structure of a premise in the argument.

Example: Have they arrested the murderer of your father?

Material Fallacies

Fallacies of Relevance

Ad Hominem Fallacy (“Against the Man”)

This fallacy involves attacking

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Understanding Justice, Human Rights, and Political Ideologies

Justice, Human Rights, and Political Ideologies

Justice: Acting in a way that considers what each person deserves contributes to social justice. This is a new way of understanding human and labor relations.

These are human rights claimed by socialist movements. The first human rights proclamations emerged from enlightened and liberal environments in the last third of the 18th century. The most important are: Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence from the U.S., Declaration of Human Rights and

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José Ortega y Gasset: Objectivism, Perspectivism, and Ratio-Vitalism

José Ortega y Gasset: A Philosophical Journey

Stage 1: Objectivism (1883-1913)

Ortega y Gasset was born in Madrid in 1883, into a family with strong ties to culture and journalism. His grandfather founded the newspaper The Guardian, where Ortega later contributed. From 1905 to 1907, he traveled to Germany, a period that shaped his objectivism, culminating in the publication of Meditations on Don Quixote. His philosophical interests focused on the study of neo-Kantianism, particularly the work of

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Nietzsche’s Life, Influences, and Reactions: A Philosophical Analysis

Nietzsche’s Life and Philosophical Context

Nietzsche was born in Röcken, Germany in 1844. He studied Greek and Latin and received his doctorate in classical philology. At the age of 34, he independently agreed to chair a position at the University of Basel, shortly after publishing his first book, The Birth of Tragedy. However, health problems forced him to retire at 34. It was during this period that he wrote most of his works, characterized by intrigues and provocations designed to stimulate the

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Social Contract Theories: Hobbes, Locke, and Rawls

The social contract is a theory that addresses the circumstances of absolute freedom and absolute power without restraint. Each individual attempts to impose their will on others, reflecting the pessimistic view of “Homo homini lupus” (man is a wolf). This state of nature, characterized by absolute freedom, is a state of fear. To overcome this, the social contract emerges, based on two ideas: the state is a product of fear, and the state must be powerful to impose its will on its citizens.

Locke’

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