Nietzsche’s Critique: Metaphysics, Morality, and the Death of God
Philosophy: Critique of Metaphysics and Morality
Nietzsche’s philosophy radically confronts much of the Western philosophical tradition, opposing dogmatism rooted in Socrates, Plato, and Christian philosophy. His early works distinguish the Apollonian and Dionysian, developing an original interpretation of philosophical history. Thought, he argues, removes life from Socratic reflection, opposing it by inventing a transcendent, stable, and immutable reality, contrary to our known, contradictory, and
Read MoreKant’s Rationalism, Empiricism, and Critique
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Rationalism, Empiricism, and Criticism
In Germany, a rationalist philosophical current known as the rationalist school, led by Wolf, aimed to establish pure rational knowledge about everything. This school divided knowledge into theoretical and practical philosophy, further subdividing metaphysics into general and special metaphysics. Kant initially adhered to the rationalist school’s theories until he recognized the inherent dogmatism. However, he also didn’t simply follow Hume.
Kant’s Answer:
Read More19th Century Philosophy: Nietzsche and Western Culture
MARCO Historical and Sociocultural
The second half of the 19th century was marked by revolutions, highlighting the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat due to industrialization. The clash between bourgeois liberalism, nationalism, anarchism, socialism, and communism was also significant. In Germany, the leading power in Europe, population growth occurred thanks to the Second Industrial Revolution (electricity, improved communications). Germany and other countries adopted democratic
Read MoreUnderstanding Knowledge: Epistemology and Truth
Knowledge 1.1: The Epistemology
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that seeks to analyze what knowledge is. The interest in knowledge has been constant throughout history. From the seventeenth century, epistemology became the center of philosophical reflection.
Knowledge 1.2: The Concept of Knowledge
In philosophy, knowledge is used as a synonym for understanding. To approach its definition, we compare it with related concepts such as perception and belief.
Review
A subjective assessment, where we
Read MorePhilosophical Foundations: Aristotle, Descartes, and Locke
Aristotle
Aristotle, a pupil of Plato, spent twenty years at the Academy. He excelled in all areas of knowledge, providing insights that greatly influenced later thought. How can we explain the essence of a particular man with an unchanging, external idea of man? Aristotle proposed a different conception of being: a red apple exists differently than the apple itself. The apple seems more consistent as an independent entity, while the red depends on the apple’s existence. This is Aristotle’s analogy
Read MoreUnderstanding Practical Reason: Concepts and Theories
What is Practical Reason?
The ability to reach practical judgments under a system of rules.
- Consistency
- Coherence
- Grounded
- Empirical truth
- Effectiveness
- Optimization
- Reflexivity
Three Concepts of Practical Reason
The Aristotelian
The Hobbesian
The Kantian
Hobbesian Theory Representatives
Buchanan
Gauthier
Slave Contract Negotiation
Buchanan points out that a slave contract is a negotiation.
Foucault’s Underlying Desire and Power
According to Foucault, desire and power lurk behind every speech.
Kant’s Rationality Concept
Universality
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