Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Metaphysics, Death of God, and Nihilism

Posted by on Nov 23, 2024 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Nietzsche challenges the traditional idea of knowledge. While traditional philosophy asserts the existence of two forms of being – essence and accidental features – and believes that concepts can correctly reflect reality, Nietzsche argues that there are no essences or permanent realities. For him, metaphor and art are better suited to capture reality than concepts and philosophy. Nietzsche rejects the objectivity of logic and reason, asserting the irrational nature of the world. He views logic

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Foundations of Ethical Action: Morality, Freedom, and Conscience

Posted by on Nov 23, 2024 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Foundations of Ethical Action

Reasons for the Good

  1. Theological Reasons: God is the author of universal order and legislator of our behavior. The rules of the divine nature can be embedded in human nature or have been positive in some commands.
  2. Natural Reasons: Before developing or acquiring historical standards, human nature entails universal and obvious requirements that must be respected unconditionally. Aristotelianism and natural law doctrines defend this justification of moral duty.
  3. Social Reasons:
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Immanuel Kant: Bridging Enlightenment and Romanticism

Posted by on Nov 23, 2024 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Immanuel Kant

Bridging Enlightenment and Romanticism

Besides the cultural ideals of the Enlightenment that swept Europe, social and political events such as the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the glorification of Germanic culture, and the beginnings of Romanticism influenced intellectual thought. Kant, positioned between Enlightenment and Romanticism, played a crucial role in the recognition and expansion of the German language. While the Enlightenment promoted universality, Romanticism encouraged

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Philosophical Critiques of Religion: Feuerbach to Mounier

Posted by on Nov 22, 2024 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Ludwig Feuerbach

His Ideas

Man is distinguished from animals by the ability to develop self-awareness. Religious individuals project their consciousness outside themselves, attributing their own qualities to a being called God. All attributes and predicates that religion regarded as God’s own actually belong to man. God is not a mirror reflecting man but a mirage. Religion is a projection of human consciousness pursuing happiness. God is an imaginary and perfect double of man. Man is alienated. We

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Heraclitus and Plato: Exploring Change, Opposites, and the World of Ideas

Posted by on Nov 22, 2024 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Heraclitus

Heraclitus, connected to the ruling aristocracy, presented a distant and authoritative tone in his writings. His style was marked by paradoxical expressions, misanthropy, melancholy, and a detachment from the world, even embracing vegetarianism. He posited that everything flows, and we miss nothing if we embrace joy. Heraclitus is considered the first philosopher to offer clear perspectives on his intellectual project.

The Hidden Fire and Soul

For Heraclitus, fire symbolizes the dynamic

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Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy: Context and Key Concepts

Posted by on Nov 22, 2024 in Philosophy and ethics | 0 comments

Socio-Cultural Context

19th-century Spain witnessed a struggle between tradition and liberalism, culminating in the First Republic. The monarchy’s restoration led to political shifts between Liberals and Conservatives until the Second Republic in 1931. Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship (1923) preceded the unstable Second Republic and the Civil War, followed by Franco’s repressive regime.

Economically, Spain industrialized, with the textile and steel sectors gaining prominence. The population grew, and

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