Understanding Truth, Knowledge, and the Scientific Method
Criteria to Recognize Truth
1.1 When there is clear knowledge that prevents us from certainty to doubt its truth. This feeling of certainty and security that comes with evidence is a mental state and, therefore, somewhat subjective. Thus, it is not a satisfactory criterion.
1.2 Intersubjective knowledge is objective and shared by all, not exclusive to a particular person. Regarding the criteria of evidence, it has the advantage of relying on the recognition of many, but there is no guarantee of success.
Read MoreUnderstanding Law: Foundations and Human Rights
The Essence of Law
Law is a set of rules from the State, enforced by sanctions, preserving social order, preventing and resolving conflicts. Laws establish clear limits and often stem from social customs and legislative will.
Legal Rules Characteristics:
- Universal (apply to all)
- Imperative (command or prohibit)
- Inviolable (breach leads to penalty)
- Coercive (enforces conduct)
- Public (known to be valid)
- Retroactive (applied after approval)
Types of Law:
- Objective Law: Rules governing conduct in a territory.
Hegel, Nietzsche, and Contemporary Philosophy: An Overview
Read MoreHegel’s Philosophy
Hegelian System
Hegel’s system is the ultimate expression of Spirit in the history of thought. It’s complex and aims to cover all reality. His philosophy is based on idealism and panlogism, starting from the Absolute, which is the identity in difference.
Hegelian Dialectic
The Hegelian Dialectic is a method where every concept (thesis) generates its opposite (antithesis), leading to a synthesis. This dialectic process drives reality, constantly moving and evolving.
Key Aspects of Hegel’
St. Thomas Aquinas: Historical Context, Philosophy, and Theology
St. Thomas Aquinas
Belonged to the Dominican Order during the Middle Ages, a time when the Franciscans and Dominicans competed for influence in universities. The Dominicans followed Aristotelian philosophy and were more open to progressive thinking. St. Thomas was initially condemned but later canonized.
Historical Context
1. Marked by the coexistence of three cultures (Christian, Jewish, and Muslim), which provided cultural enrichment. It is important because it incorporates thoughts from Jewish thinkers
Read MoreKant’s Epistemology and Ethics: A Priori Knowledge and Moral Duty
The Problem of Knowledge
Metaphysics, unlike other sciences, has not become a definitive science despite its long history. This raises the question of whether metaphysics is possible as a science. Kant attempts to establish principles for scientific knowledge, which for him is certain knowledge. From this, we can establish the conditions any other knowledge must meet to be considered true. Metaphysics, unlike other sciences, seeks to transcend experience and institutional knowledge, exploring concepts
Read MoreOrtega y Gasset: Life, Reason, and 20th-Century Spanish Thought
Ortega y Gasset: Key Ideas
Ortega y Gasset is one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century. His philosophy has a clear pedagogical intention: to put his proposal at the service of culture and life. One phrase sums up his approach: “I am myself and my circumstance, and if I do not save it, I do not save myself.” The philosopher’s work is to understand and illuminate the situation. Ortega’s philosophy is practical, educational, and political.
The Vital Reason
We understand our circumstances through
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