Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Rethinking Values and the Will to Power
Humanity
Using genealogical methods, Nietzsche investigates moral concepts from an etymological and historical perspective. Across cultures, “good” is associated with nobility, pride, and strength, while “evil” is linked to the plebeian, humility, and obedience.
According to Nietzsche, a transformation of values began with the Jews and continued with Christianity. This was a slave revolt fundamentally rooted in resentment.
Nietzsche saw a need for a revaluation of values, centered on the affirmation
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Schopenhauer’s Critique of Kant
Kant argued that we can only know phenomena, not the “thing-in-itself” (noumenon). Our minds grasp reality in a way that may not correspond to what exists externally. Schopenhauer, influenced by Eastern thought, believed this “representation” was an illusion hiding the true world. Unlike Kant, he thought we could know the world-in-itself by looking within ourselves. Our bodies are phenomena, but our inner selves, driven by will and desire, connect us to the noumenal
Read MoreParliamentary Systems: Majority vs. Proportional Representation
Tensions Between Pro-Majority and Pro-Proportional System Supporters
Majoritarian Systems
Majoritarian systems award the position(s) to the candidate with the most votes—a “winner-takes-all” approach. In Spain, this system is used for the Senate, albeit with limited and corrected voting.
Critics of the Majority Principle
Critics raise several arguments against majoritarian systems:
- Underrepresentation: These systems can lead to seats being won with minimal representation, resulting in a significant
Aristotle and Marx: Political Philosophies
Aristotle
Aristotle, a pupil of Plato, was a highly influential Greek philosopher of the 4th century BC. He developed important theories about politics.
Policy: Man as a Social Animal
1. Introduction
Individuals achieve happiness and well-being in a community. According to Aristotle, man is a political and social animal. To live outside the polis (city-state) is to be either more or less than human.
- Humans possess logos (reason), distinguishing good from evil, right from wrong, which only makes sense
Marx’s Philosophy: A Critical Analysis of His Ideas
As Lenin said, “Marxism is the natural successor model best humanity created in the nineteenth century from German philosophy, English political economy, and French socialism.” Marx, a revolutionary, profoundly transformed the sources that inspired him. His thinking was in constant evolution and transformation because it was never purely “theoretical,” but continually joined activity theory and revolutionary practice. As Marx himself noted, philosophers have only interpreted the world in various
Read MoreNietzsche’s Superman: Philosophy, Morality, and the Will to Power
B.II. The Ethics of the Superman
The New Man
The Superman emerges after the “death of God.” Nietzsche envisions him as an individual embracing life’s values, the “sense of the earth.” This new man stands in contrast to those who adhere to traditional values, the “herd morality,” rooted in a belief in a transcendent reality that fosters contempt for life, the physical, and individual differences.
The Superman’s Emergence
The Superman becomes possible only with the complete rejection of belief in God.
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