Substance, Empiricism, and the Limits of Knowledge
Guaranteeing my ideas a reality is extramental: world, extension, and movement. The structure of the three substances of reality: God is infinite substance, thinking substance, I, and extended substance.
Concept of Substance
The substance is anything that does not need anything else to exist (you can only apply this in an absolute way to God).
Body and Soul
Descartes states that the soul, mind, and body are distinct substances. Extension is to safeguard the autonomy of the soul concerning matter.
Hume
Empiricism
English
Read MoreKant’s Critique of Pure Reason: Key Concepts
Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason: Key Concepts
This text is a preface to the second edition of Critique of Pure Reason, written by Kant in 1787. It provides a summary of the main thesis of Kant’s transcendental idealism. In this prologue, Kant exposes the fundamental aspects of his critique of the speculative use of reason, whose power and limits he seeks to determine.
Three Questions
For Kant, the question of knowledge, “What can I know?”, is one of the three big questions of philosophy, along with
Nietzsche’s Critique of Western Philosophy and Religion
Nietzsche’s radical criticism of Western thought targeted established surnames. He modeled his critique on science, but he believed that science cannot deliver a true representation of the world (due to inherent error). Through genealogical analysis of the world’s representation, Nietzsche criticized morality, religion, and metaphysics.
Moral Criticism
Nietzsche’s critique of Western culture is fundamentally a critique of moral values. He believed that the main error of traditional morality is its
Read MoreDavid Hume: Empiricism and the Human Mind
David Hume was one of the leading representatives of British empiricism. His clear and profound criticism of rationalism awakened Immanuel Kant from his “dogmatic slumber”. Hume applied the scientific method to study the human mind, analyzing the psychological processes with a similar or comparable model to that used for the analysis of physical phenomena. The basic elements or “atoms” are here perceptions (impressions and simple ideas) that relate to each other spontaneously under the laws of association
Read MoreKant’s Moral Philosophy: Goodwill, Duty, and Imperative
Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
Objective reality, the metaphysical questions: What is its nature and what features it has? This inappropriate use of reason leads to faulty reasoning.
- Cosmology: For Kant, the regulative idea of reason leads to directing the investigation as if the universe were a unit. When this idea becomes a regulatory order that is called “world”, it is full of contradictions.
- Theology: The regulative idea of reason leads us to believe that after the material and psychic reality,
Plato and Descartes: Key Philosophical Concepts
What is Known as the Second Sailing in Platonic Philosophy?
Plato introduced a universal intelligence to explain things, undertaking what he calls navigation. In the first navigation, driven by natural philosophy, he tried to explain sensitive data through the senses, where all responses related to nature. The second navigation reveals Plato’s philosophy, leading to the discovery of the supersensible, seeking a release from the senses and a move towards the plane of the logos and what can be grasped
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