Key Philosophical Concepts by Ortega y Gasset
Absolute Reason
The reason that I would meet the universal reality is that the full truth would come from juxtaposing the infinite perspectives of all lives. It is not, therefore, a reason from one point of view, but reason that, to know the universal reality, would get nowhere and all possible angles. So this would be the only way God could reach the whole truth. All lie in their characters, all perspectives agglutinate.
Pure Reason
Ortega uses this expression in a broad sense. It refers not only
Scientific Theories and the Nature of Truth: An In-Depth Analysis
Definition of Science
Science is a specific type of knowledge. While ordinary knowledge is concerned with the “what,” scientific knowledge seeks to answer the “why.” By connecting concepts, we can formulate laws.
Definition of Knowledge
Let S be a subject and p a proposition. S knows p if and only if:
- S believes that p.
- S‘s belief in p is rationally justified.
- p is true.
All three conditions are necessary and sufficient.
Definition of Scientific Knowledge
Let C be a scientific community and T a theory. C
Read MoreJohn Stuart Mill’s Philosophy: Liberty and Utilitarianism
First Hypothesis: Infallibility and Freedom of Speech
The first hypothesis posits that only an infallible being would be justified in suppressing an opinion. However, even if one acknowledges their own fallibility, taking precautions against error often relies on the prevailing opinion. This means defending one’s opinion based on the supposed infallibility of “everyone.” For those more open-minded, the world is their office or key period. Rulers claim to prevent dangerous opinions to the community
Read MoreSatyagraha and Swadeshi: Gandhian Principles for Life
Satyagraha and Swadeshi are fundamental to Gandhi’s philosophy of life. According to Gandhi, the whole gamut of human activities constitutes an indivisible whole. Life cannot be segregated into watertight compartments like social, economic, political, religious, and so on. So the ideas and concepts he developed during his relentless experiments with truth were an attempt to integrate the various aspects of life. The concept of Swadeshi was not an exception. It was not merely an economic doctrine.
Read MoreUnderstanding Scientific Methods and Research Types
What is Knowledge?
Knowledge is the act or effect of having an abstract idea or notion of something. Examples include knowledge of law, facts (sensory, intellectual, popular, scientific, philosophical, intuitive).
What is Science?
Science (goal + function + objects: material + formal) is the clear and evident knowledge of something, whether founded on clear principles and demonstrations, experimental reasoning, or the analysis of societies and human facts.
What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research
Read MoreImmanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason: Limits of Knowledge
Historical Context
Immanuel Kant belongs to the period of modern philosophy, particularly the Enlightenment. Influenced by the rationalist and empiricist ideas about knowledge, he exceeded both positions with his own original philosophy: transcendental idealism. Furthermore, he represented an achievement in moral philosophy by proposing a novel formal ethics characterized by the defense of human dignity above all else.
Central Theme
Kant argues that it is impossible to apply the theoretical use of
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