Key Concepts in Scholastic Philosophy and Theology

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Almighty

Almighty applies to God as the Creator who made the world. It is an operational divine attribute. Divine power is manifested in three ways: the creation, maintenance, and governance of the world. For the first, God works from nothing, being the essence of all things. Secondly, God remains what He has created. Thirdly, God directs all things to an end and moves, concurring with it in all its operations.

Operation

There are two orders between moving right: the speculative and the practical.

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Immanuel Kant: Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment

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**Kant: Historical Context**

Modernity and the Enlightenment

  • Pre-Revolutionary France: Enlightened Despotism
    • Absolute power of the monarch, who receives it from God.
    • The king is the sovereign, possessing all authority: “Everything for the people, but without the people.”
    • Influence of enlightened ideas on the continent’s monarchies through a portion of the nobility and gentry.
  • England: Parliamentary Monarchy
    • The king reigns but does not govern.
    • Primacy of the democratically elected parliament.

Enlightenment

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Aristotle’s Philosophy: Ethics, Politics, Metaphysics, and Physics

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Aristotle: Ethics and Politics

ETHICS. Aristotle stated that ethics is the human character, and the end toward which human action is directed is happiness. To achieve a happy life, it is necessary to be consistent with nature. The human faculty par excellence is the ability to reason, a human being cannot be happy without developing rational activity. Although the human being is not only his reason, the human soul also has a vegetative and a sensitive part. They contain the power of desire, which

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Nietzsche’s Critique of Western Metaphysics and Culture

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Explanation of the Terms Underlined

Unit: This means that reality, the world, has a single principle from which it originates. While our senses can perceive many different things in reality, all are reduced to the unit, be it *physis* (nature), substance, etc. All philosophers who believe that the unit exists deny the reality of movement. However, that is precisely what is expressed by the other concept.

Becoming: A term that designates the self as a process, and that includes every change: movement,

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Metaphysical Concepts: Ontology, Epistemology, and God

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Metaphysical Knowledge

Topics in Metaphysics

  • The truth, knowledge, soul, God, good, evil, freedom, reality, death, the meaning of life, etc.
  • Metaphysics is “the science that seeks” and studies knowledge which is not science.

Large Regions of Metaphysical Knowledge

  • Ontology: theory of reality in general
  • Gnoseology or theory of knowledge: theory of the knowing subject
  • Ethics: Theory of human action

Ontology

  • The material object is the set of all beings.
  • The formal purpose is to study what they all have in common:
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Exploring Determinism, Free Will, and Moral Action

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Determinism and Physical Determinism

Determinism within “physical determinism”: This thesis consists of 2 types of determinism:

  1. Material: The universe is composed of physical atoms, endowed with permanent mass, only differing in position and relationship (Newton).
  2. Mechanical: The physical state of the universe at a particular time is determined by the state of the universe at any other time. Therefore, one could predict that state. For example, astronomy provides examples: knowing the position of the
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