Nietzsche’s Transformative Philosophy: Reimagining Humanity and Values
The Superman and Human Evolution
The artist is presented as the sole savior of human existence, thereby transforming lives for the very reason that life is threatened. Nietzsche’s new morality is founded on the passionate desire to live in the exaltation of life’s primary forces. We must assess the morality of the “Lords” against that of the “slaves.” Nietzsche understands why modern humanity is a bridge to the Superman. Humanity is something intermediate between animal and Superman. For this to
Read MoreFoundational Philosophical Concepts and Theories
Kant’s Critique: Senses, Understanding, and Reason
Kant’s critical philosophy unifies empiricism and rationalism. Sensitivity receives external data through the senses and organizes it in space and time. Understanding structures this data using innate categories shared by all humans. Reason seeks ultimate principles, producing three metaphysical ideas: soul (inner experience), world (outer experience), and God (total experience).
Limits of Knowledge: Dogmatism and Skepticism
Knowledge must be constantly
Read MoreOrtega y Gasset’s Point of View: Philosophy, Culture, History
Historical, Cultural, and Philosophical Context
The text under discussion, Ortega’s “The Doctrine of the Point of View,” is Chapter X of his book The Theme of Our Time. In this work, Ortega delves into an issue that also preoccupied Nietzsche: the role of Socrates in Greek thought. Ortega argues that Socratic philosophy was founded on a fundamental error: prioritizing life, culture, and intellect over vitality. This Socratic error persists throughout the history of philosophy, failing to find a reconciling
Read MoreDavid Hume’s Philosophical Legacy: Empiricism, Skepticism, and Ethics
David Hume’s Core Philosophy
Impressions and Ideas: Foundations of Knowledge
David Hume distinguished between impressions (vivid sense experiences) and ideas (fainter mental representations derived from impressions).
Hume’s Two Types of Knowledge
He categorized knowledge into two types:
- Relations of Ideas: Ideas formed from relationships between analytical propositions (e.g., mathematics).
- Matters of Fact: Knowledge based on experience.
Critique of Human Reason and Causality
Hume’s Skepticism on Human Reason
Hume
Read MoreDescartes’ Quest for Certainty: Mind, Reality, and Knowledge
Descartes’ Meditations: Doubt and Existence
The Problem of the Evil Genius
Part of the nature of the human spirit is to question the body’s reality. Considering all doubts, false perceptions, and opinions, one might conclude that we have no senses and no kind of reality. In his Meditations, Descartes repeats this deduction to resolve some emerging contradictions.
This apparent contradiction arises in the concept of the evil genius: if God is infinitely good and infinitely powerful, it seems impossible
Read MoreCore Principles of Logic, Philosophy, and Human Existence
Fundamental Principles of Logic
Modus Ponens (MP)
Given a conditional statement and its antecedent as premises, we can derive its consequent as a conclusion.
Implication Introduction (II)
If, by assuming a proposition A, we can derive another proposition B, then we can conclude that A implies B (A → B).
Conjunction Introduction (CI)
If we have two premises, we can conclude their conjunction.
Conjunction Elimination (CE)
Given a conjunction as a premise, we can conclude any of its individual members.