Research Methodology
Choosing a Research Topic
You must ask yourself the following questions:
- What are you going to investigate?
- How will you conduct the research?
- Why is it important to investigate this issue?
- What elements are part of choosing a research topic?
Understanding the Issue
The issue is resolved through scientific procedures. The beginning of the investigation is the problem.
The Problem
A crisp and direct relationship between two or more variables in the problem, which can be tested empirically and can find an
Read MoreDescartes’ Methodical Doubt: Stages, Truth, and the Cogito
Descartes’ Methodical Doubt
Stages of Methodical Doubt
The understanding must find fundamental truths within itself, truths that are absolutely certain and beyond any doubt. The search for this starting point requires a prior task: to remove all knowledge, ideas, and beliefs that do not possess absolute certainty. We must eliminate everything that can be doubted. Hence, Descartes begins with doubt.
The first reason to doubt our knowledge is the fallibility of the senses: the senses deceive us at times.
John Stuart Mill’s Concept of Freedom: A Critical Analysis
Mill’s Defense Against Criticisms
Mill can defend these criticisms:
- Contradiction between utilitarianism and freedom as an end in itself: It is argued that Mill contradicts himself by claiming happiness as the sole end in itself in his utilitarianism, while also advocating for freedom.
Defense
Freedom and virtue are means to achieve happiness. Through association, they become part of happiness itself.
- Leaving important matters to experts instead of the majority: It is suggested that crucial decisions
Religious Education in Spain: 25 Years of Evolution
Summary Table
Three basic positions regarding religious education:
- Religious education in school
- Religious education outside of school (secularism) – admissible but not confessional
Year 31 – Republic – freedom of education
Year 33 – Secular republic – no religion
Year 36 – Civil War — personal government until 1975
Year 39 – Catholic confessional element – the church supports the regime.
Franco Regime – religion is compulsory – membership of the church in the regime (60s). The Vatican is created, which
Read MoreSaint Augustine: Reason, Faith, and the Pursuit of Truth
Reason and Faith in Saint Augustine’s Philosophy
Saint Augustine aspired to achieve truth and happiness, and for him, both are found in Christ. The road to Christ requires both faith and reason. That is, for Augustine, reason and faith are complementary:
- Faith must be understood with the procedures of reason. This is not a faith opposed to reason, as defended by Tertullian.
- Reason is fallible and insufficient. Reason without faith is prone to error and, by itself, is incapable of attaining truth.
The
Read MoreUnderstanding Ethics, Freedom, and Responsibility
What is Ethics?
Ethics is the study of moral action, the action of the human relationship in order to achieve one’s own good, and failing that, of evil. To know the proper good of a person, one must know what a person is. Depending on the doctrine of a person, so shall ethics be. Once the nature of man is known, what is said to be ethical is good for him and for others, and what goes against the asset itself. There is no ethics without a definition of good and evil. There is also no ethics without
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