Philosophical Theories: Kant, Mill, Marx, and Nietzsche
Kant: A Priori Judgments as the Basis of Science
Kant sought to clarify the possibility of progress in the objectivity of scientific discourse. This discourse contains universal propositions or judgments in which the predicate brings extensive knowledge to the subject. Judgments may be qualified in two ways:
- Depending on whether or not experience is relevant to determine the truth of the judgment:
- An a priori truth is one that can be determined without recourse to experience, whereas an a posteriori
Faith and Reason in St. Thomas Aquinas’ Philosophy
Faith and Reason in St. Thomas Aquinas’ Philosophy
The Question of Reason and Faith
The relationship between reason and faith is one of the fundamental problems of scholastic philosophy. According to Aquinas, reason, i.e., the set of truths that the soul alone can discover by natural light, and faith, the set of truths revealed by God, are two distinct areas. However, both have points of confluence and possible contradiction.
St. Thomas Aquinas’ Position
St. Thomas faced two models that had dominated
Read MorePolitical Power: Understanding State, Nation, and Society
State Organization of Political Power
The sociology of the state studies the relationship between the state and civil society.
Nation, State, and Civil Society
Nation
The concept of a nation has evolved over time. The average age in a nation is defined as a group of people who are credited with a single source. A nation was becoming an organization with precise boundaries of the unit, which is based on consent.
In the contemporary age, misunderstood nationalism caused wars and fighting, so some thinkers
Read MoreNietzsche on Appearance, Reason, and the Illusions of Language
Nietzsche’s Critique of Metaphysics
Appearance
Traditional philosophers believed that what we perceive through our senses is mere appearance, a source of error. They argued that the changing reality our senses show us points to the impossibility of a truly stable world. Therefore, these philosophers sought truth in a world beyond our immediate perception, a “real” world as opposed to the apparent one. This denial of appearance as real is what Nietzsche criticizes.
Prejudice of Reason
Nietzsche refers
Read MoreChilean Education Evolution: 1860-1890
Compulsory Primary Education Act
The Compulsory Primary Education Act was enacted in 1860 during the presidency of Manuel Montt. This law envisaged several key points:
- Education for both sexes. This did not mean coeducation, but distinct education, both in content and physical separation. Women studied in convents, and men in educational establishments.
- This law made an elitist distinction in the separation of elementary schools:
- Elementary Schools: Aimed at the masses, the popular sectors. These schools
Hegel, Socialism, Marxism, and Anarchism: Key Concepts
Hegel
Work:
Logic (thesis), philosophy of nature (antithesis), and philosophy of mind (synthesis)
Logic:
In addition to explaining that reason is the way in which human beings express themselves, it is a cosmic rationality that is inside and above and that moves the world. It is at once human and divine.
“What is real is rational.” Reality can act to force more action, more presence, and rationality.
Meaning:
When the mind is able to overcome the particular and universal thinking.
Externalization:
Demonstration
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