Philosophical Concepts: Thought, Knowledge, and Utopia

Mythical vs. Rational Thought

The philosopher contemplates the daily unfolding of events. When one departs from the philosophical attitude, doubt and admiration often emerge. To understand this attitude, consider children: their inherent curiosity drives them to question everything. Problems that arise can be addressed in two primary ways:

  • Mythical Thought (Mythos)

    This form of thought cannot be empirically corroborated. It explains phenomena by appealing to deities, supernatural beings, or extraordinary

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Mastering Risk: Strategies for Protection & Security

Handling Risk

Since you cannot completely avoid all risk, you must learn to handle it.

You can avoid, reduce, retain, or transfer risk.

Risk Avoidance (Individuals and Businesses)

Avoiding risk involves thinking about the consequences of decisions. However, it is not always practical to avoid all risks.

For a business, this means refusing to engage in a particularly hazardous activity.

All business decisions should be made with consideration for both the potential benefit and the associated risk.

Risk

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Fundamentos de la Verdad: Metafísica y Epistemología

Necesidad y Contingencia en Metafísica

Para la metafísica, los seres que componen la realidad se definen por dos características opuestas. Unos seres existen ahora, pero pueden dejar de existir e incluso hubo un tiempo en que nunca existieron; no fueron parte de tal realidad. De estos seres decimos que son contingentes. Otros seres existen y siempre han existido; jamás pueden no ser quienes son o dejar de existir. Estos se definen como necesarios.

La Teoría del Conocimiento y la Verdad

La teoría

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Human Impacts on Ecosystems and Environmental Ethics

Ocean Stressors & Marine Protection

Industrial, Petroleum & Coastal Impacts

  • Industrial Growth: Toxic chemicals introduced into water systems.
  • Petroleum Industry: Potential to contaminate habitats.
  • Coastal Development: Leads to water pollution and issues with waste disposal.

Tourism’s Toll on Coral Reefs

  • Direct Impacts: Anchors damaging reefs, harm from snorkeling activities.
  • Indirect Impacts: Waste generated by resorts, increased demand for seafood.

Consequences of Ocean Stressors

  • Pollution: Contributes
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Descartes: Method, Certainty, and Radical Doubt

Descartes’ Quest for Certainty

Descartes’ Four Rules for True Knowledge

Descartes proceeds to develop a method with rules designed to ensure that nothing false is accepted as true. He formulated four rules summarizing his analysis and reflections on the mathematical method and its applicability to philosophy.

Rule 1: The Rule of Evidence

This rule has two important elements. First, one must avoid precipitation and prevention. Precipitation is accepting as obvious that which is confusing and obscure.

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Ancient & Medieval Philosophy: Thinkers & Concepts

Ancient Philosophy

The first philosophers, who appeared in Greece in the sixth century BC, tried to establish a principle (archē) from which all reality originates. The archē is singular for monists and multiple for pluralists.

Philosophy from the colonies moved to Athens in the mid-fifth century BC. Here, the Sophists and Socrates focused on humanity and the city (polis), including concepts like liberty, political equality, and law.

The Sophists believed that both moral and legal standards of the

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