Nietzsche’s Challenge to Western Thought
The philosophy of Nietzsche involves a radical confrontation with much of the Western tradition. He is opposed to dogmatism, whose roots lie in Socrates, Plato, or Christian philosophy.
The distinction or opposition, made in his earlier works, between the Dionysian and Apollonian leads him to develop an original interpretation of the history of philosophy. According to this view, thought moves away from life, from Socratic reflection, leading him to oppose it, denying it through the invention of
Read MoreCriteria for Truth in Epistemology
Epistemology and Truth Criteria
Epistemology concerns the criteria we use to determine truth.
Criteria in the Plane of Vision
This involves pure speculation:
- Truth in Perception
- Truth in the Trial
Criteria in the Rational Plane
In this rational plane, beliefs or opinions arise, which are often false.
The Criterion of Evidence
Here we must refer to the criterion of intellectual evidence proposed by Descartes, whose components are clarity and distinction.
A different way to formulate the criterion of evidence
Read MoreKey Concepts in Argumentation and Rhetoric
Argumentation vs. Opinion Differences
Argumentation and opinion both involve expressing viewpoints but differ in their foundation and purpose. An opinion is a subjective belief reflecting personal feelings or preferences, often expressed informally and without requiring evidence. In contrast, argumentation aims to persuade through a structured presentation of logical reasons and solid evidence, such as data, expert insights, or statistics, while also addressing counterarguments to strengthen its
Read MoreKey Concepts in Anthropology and Society
Race and Social Construction
Originally, when a group is assumed to have a biological basis, they are called a race. But in reality, the idea of race is socially constructed, meaning that it is defined by a society. We are taught to differentiate between different people on the basis of the color of their skin and phenotype (biological characteristics of an organism). We are taught that white people behave in a certain way, and other races which include Black, Arab, Asian, and Jewish people. This
Read MoreKey Concepts in Sociology: Bourdieu, Weber, Durkheim, Williams
Bourdieu’s Sociology of Science
For Bourdieu, scientific truth is located between the “epistemological binomial” formed by logicism (with its tendency toward objectivism and the propositional) on one side, and historicism (with its relativistic and skeptical tendency) on the other. The sociological critique of science thus presents itself as an overcoming of this “scholarly tradition” (what we might call the traditional propositional logic of science). This tradition tends to view science and scientific
Read MoreUnderstanding Nietzsche: Ideas and Influence
Nietzsche’s Core Concepts
This section covers fundamental concepts in Nietzsche’s philosophy.
Nihilism
Nihilism, a concept derived from the Latin nihil meaning “nothing,” describes the situation that arises when the values of traditional Western culture (moral, religious, philosophical, etc.) are deleted or canceled. The traditional values have been canceled, leading to nihilism. However, humanity cannot exist in this situation without values, so the philosopher’s task is to construct new ones. These
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