Aquinas’ Eudaimonism, Natural Law, and Ockham’s Nominalism
Ethics and Policy: Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas defends eudaimonist ethics: the ultimate end of man is happiness. The greatest good that human beings can aspire to is this vision of God. Practical reason is oriented to order human life according to principles and standards. The first principle: “one must seek the good and avoid evil.” The good is that to which we naturally tend. There are certain natural tendencies man, as a rational being, can recognize and infer precepts or rules of conduct. These
Read MoreDescartes’ Cartesian Method: Rules and Principles
The Cartesian Method
1. Introduction
Having rejected Scholastic and Aristotelian philosophy, Descartes proposed mathematics as a method of certainty for the human spirit. In his *Discourse on Method*, he presents an autobiography where he explains how he leads his reason to obtain truth. He defines the procedure as that set of certain and easy rules to move us forward in knowledge, without creating confusion between true and false and without fatigue.
2. Purpose of the Method
The purpose of the method
Read MorePlato’s Philosophy: Soul, Knowledge, and Society
Plato’s Theory of Knowledge
A degree of knowledge is episteme. “Dianoia” ascertains discursive thought, going from premises to the hypothesis that concludes. “Noesis” is non-discursive intelligence, a state of mind that understands the essences, or the idea of goodness. The degree of knowledge, episteme, is the real one. He who has come to know the idea of goodness well, and has come to the intelligible world, knows that the world below is a mere copy of the above.
Plato’s Anthropology: Conception
Read MoreAbsolute Statements, State of Law, and Rousseau’s Social Contract
Basis of Absolute Statements
Arguments on religion suggest that power comes from God, with a negative view of human beings as incapable of governing themselves, either due to original sin or the inherent wickedness of human nature. This necessitates a strong power to order social life. However, absolutism has some limits imposed by customary law (law and customs). It is also limited by the moral and natural law emanating from God.
Thomas Hobbes argued that in the state of nature, humans are absolute
Read MoreUnderstanding Knowledge Types and Idea Association
Types of Knowledge and Their Characteristics
In the first class – knowledge about relations of ideas – Hume includes all propositions of geometry, algebra, and arithmetic. Statements like “the whole is greater than the parts,” and “the sum of two and two equals four,” say only the relations between ideas (e.g., between the ideas of whole and part, in the first sentence). These propositions can be reached by the simple operation of the spirit, by mere reasoning, without resorting to experience. The
Read MoreKant’s Philosophy: Transcendental Analytic & Practical Reason
Transcendental Analytic
Once you grasp the phenomenon, you must understand it through the faculty of understanding, which resides in the subject. A priori, there are elements that enable us to understand reality through judgments. These elements are categorical, and there are 12 of them.
Categories are empty concepts that we fill with phenomena to understand reality. Categories without phenomena are worthless, but phenomena without categories are blind.
Are there any a priori synthetic judgments in
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