Welfare State Models: Mediterranean, Arguments For and Against
Mediterranean Model: Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain
Pensions and Social Assistance Costs
This model applies to countries that developed a welfare state later (1970s and 1980s). This social model is the least expensive and is strongly based on very low pension and social assistance costs. These countries exhibit greater segmentation of the rights and status of people receiving benefits, reflected in very conditional access to benefits.
Strong Employment Protection
The main feature of the labor market
Read MoreMoral Philosophy, Ethics, and Political Philosophy
Read MoreItem 4.1.1: Morals and Ethics
Punto etymologically: There is no difference between morality and ethics. Moral comes from the Latin mos moris. Etica comes from the Greek ethos. Both refer to the character (so that a person acquires throughout their life, actions, habits, and customs through which the human being develops an original way to be). However, for moral philosophy, ethics are totally different.
We call moral a concrete human behavior, a set of values and norms present in individuals who
Plato’s Philosophy: Idealism and the Pursuit of True Knowledge
Plato’s Myth of the Cave
In Plato’s myth of the cave, shadows are cast by reality, but it seems the image is only what is. He failed to tackle real life, thought-life. Life pursuing shadows looks absolutely beautiful, but is beyond the world (lost time). Education is needed to shape a character and face reality, eliminating demands, as impurities are in the life of man but not his.
Levels of Reality and Knowledge
Levels of the real correspond to levels of knowledge:
- Opinion: Guided by sensitivity and
Kantian Ethics vs. Utilitarianism: Justice and Happiness
Kantian Formalism
Kantian formalism, as opposed to Aristotelian thought, posits that moral action is an end in itself, not a means to an end. It is a deontological rather than teleological approach, meaning an action is considered good based on its adherence to duty, not its consequences. Kant explores these concepts in his works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and Critique of Practical Reason. Kant’s aim was to identify the essence of morality, that which makes an action moral.
The Good
Read MoreUnderstanding Key Philosophical Concepts and the Origin of Science
Theoretical Knowledge
Theoretical knowledge encompasses all information that describes and explains the natural and social world around us. It arises from the simple desire for knowledge, not to guarantee our survival or well-being, but it often contributes to them.
Language Features
From a linguistic perspective, language is considered the human ability to communicate through a system of signs. This power is manifested in the particular language used by each speaker and possesses these characteristics:
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophy: Language, Superman, and Life Periods
The Genealogy of Language
Genealogy and the objective idea of language: immutable ideas. Language is not born out of man’s need to know, but out of the need to express one’s own life experience. The training process is the concept of sensation. The feeling passes through image metaphors. Then comes the word, through which a human being is the source of becoming. This process is called the agrarian pact. Language is not merely pragmatic; it is an agreement between a group of people manifesting their
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