Indian Philosophy, Logic, and Vedic Mathematics Concepts
Foundational Concepts in Indian Thought and Logic
I. Epistemology and Logic (Nyaya School)
1. Defining Knowledge Acquisition (Pramāṇas)
- Pratyaksha: Direct perception through the senses.
- Anumana: Knowledge gained through inference (e.g., smoke implies fire).
- Upamāna: Knowledge derived from comparison or analogy.
- Shabda: Knowledge received from reliable verbal testimony.
2. Components of Inference (Anumāna)
The five-step syllogism:
- Pratijña: The proposition (e.g., The hill has fire).
- Hetu: The reason
Critique of Enlightenment Reason: Romanticism and Freud
Critique of Enlightenment Reason
This criticism has two moments:
The Romantic Movement
The Romantic movement was a cultural, artistic, and political force, noted for its denial of science and its power over human concerns. This was because science was considered absolute and unchangeable, contrary to human desire. At this time, there was a revaluation of religion because it was seen as closer to the fundamental questions of human existence than science or capitalism.
Enlightenment Ideals vs. Romantic
Read MoreEpistemology: Understanding Knowledge and Truth Theories
Understanding Knowledge and Its Types
Knowledge: Knowledge is a relationship between a subject and an object. There are two types:
- Knowledge of Things: This refers to any proposition we can provide. For example, if I see a color directly, I know it; however, a person born blind would not be able to know it.
- Propositional Knowledge: This is exclusive to humans and is established by relations between concepts.
The Three Conditions of Knowledge
- Condition of Belief: If S knows that “P”, then “S” thinks “
Literary Critiques of Oppression: Rights, Justice, and Resistance
Literature, Human Rights, and Social Resistance
The relationship between literature and human rights is deeply interconnected, as literature has historically functioned as a powerful medium to represent, question, and challenge violations of human dignity, freedom, and justice. While human rights provide a legal and moral framework for protecting individuals, literature humanizes these abstract principles by narrating lived experiences of suffering, resistance, and hope. Through storytelling, poetry,
Read MoreInsurance and Risk Management: Master Exam Summary
Insurance & Risk Management: Master Exam Summary
(Detailed Reference Material)
Core Risk Management Foundations
Risk Definitions
Risk: Uncertainty concerning the occurrence of a loss.
Pure Risk: Chance of loss or no loss (insurable).
Speculative Risk: Chance of loss, no loss, or gain (not insurable).
Categories of Risk
Personal Risk: Affects individual income (death, disability).
Property Risk: Loss or damage to owned property.
Liability Risk: Legal responsibility for injury to others.
Financial Risk:
Core Concepts in Social Science and Philosophy
Foundations of Social and Natural Sciences
- Social Science
- The foundation and growth of human society.
- Natural Science
- Explains and predicts phenomena in nature.
- Political Science
- The study of politics, institutions, and its processes.
- Sociology
- The scientific study of society.
- Anthropology
- The study of human beings, their origins, society, and cultures.
Fundamental Sociological Concepts
- Institution
- An organized system of social relationships that represents society’s common values.
- Social Relationships
- Relationships