Kant’s Deontology vs. Utilitarianism & Aristotle’s Soul Theory

Kant’s Critique of Utilitarianism

Immanuel Kant argues that utilitarianism allows for expediency and morally questionable actions to occur and become habitual. He explains that this is problematic because utilitarianism permits moral laws to be broken. Furthermore, he discusses his fundamental issues with the principle of utility and consequentialism.

Kant views that if we strictly follow the principle of utility, there is no possibility of distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures, thereby

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Marxist Analysis of Social Dynamics and Capitalism

Marx’s Conception of Humanity

According to Marx, humanity is viewed as a concrete being within its social environment. Human nature is inherently practical, with work as its primary activity. However, in capitalist society, the essence of humanity is dispossessed. Individuals become alienated from the product of their labor, losing ownership of the objects they produce. Their own activity is no longer their own, and they become estranged from nature and other people. This transforms their world into

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Foundations of Logic: Deduction, Signs, and Knowledge

Linguistic Signs and Their Nature

Signs are the basic elements of a code.

The designated refers to the set of persons, animals, or things of any kind that are represented by the signs.

The denotated refers to the set of people who are the target audience for the signs, and who can interpret the transmitted information. (e.g., ‘I love you’)

Considering the relationship between a sign and what it designates, there are two main types of signs:

  • Natural Signs (Indices)

    Natural signs, also known as indices,

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Descartes’ Method: Rules for Philosophical Inquiry

Descartes’ Rules for Philosophical Method

In the second part of his book, Discourse on Method, René Descartes summarized the method of his new philosophy in four rules. The first relates to intuition, while the other three pertain to deduction.

1. The Rule of Evidence and Doubt

This rule states: “Do not accept as true but what is obvious.” It is the first and most important of the method’s rules. It dictates accepting as true only what is presented clearly and distinctly, that is, with evidence.

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The Spectrum of Culture: Technical, Symbolic, and Practical Dimensions

Diverse Forms of Culture

Technical or Instrumental Culture

Humans alter their environment using techniques to produce new objects. The repeatability of these objects is linked to the satisfaction of desires. This form of culture is easily transferable from one individual or group to another.

In a culture of necessity, human actions become more complex through technique, leading to a new class of objects, not just subjects. Personal projects emerge. The techniques employed create an environment that

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Plato’s Philosophy: The World of Ideas and the Ideal State

Plato (circa 428/427 BC – 347 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. Born into a noble and aristocratic family, Plato, along with Aristotle, significantly shaped Western thought. His ideas influenced common understanding, what we now call Western “common sense,” and provided evidence for concepts like “Truth” and the division between “doxa” (opinion) and “episteme” (science). Plato popularized a series of ideas that, while common, contrasted with the views

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