Modern Philosophy: Origins, Movements, and Key Thinkers
Modern Philosophy: Foundations and Key Eras
The Dawn of Modern Thought: The Renaissance (14th-16th Centuries)
The modern age commenced with a transitional period known as the Renaissance. Emerging in Italy at the end of the 14th century, this movement of renewal and change primarily unfolded throughout the 15th and 16th centuries. These transformations manifested in a new way of understanding the human being, known as humanism, and a new approach to studying nature, leading to modern science. This
Read MorePhilosophical Foundations: Freedom, State, and Law
Philosophical Perspectives on Freedom
The Postulate of Freedom
For Jean-Paul Sartre, we are free to choose different courses of action, but we are not free to decide if we want to be free. Human species-being means to be free.
Baruch Spinoza believes that human beings tend to think they are free because they ignore the real causes involved in making their decisions.
For Emmanuel Kant, it is a conceivable possibility that we might never come to understand what freedom is. For this philosopher, freedom
Read MoreProperty Classification in Civil Law: Real Rights & Asset Types
Introduction to Property Classification and Real Rights
The justification of real rights examines various aspects of related assets. This document outlines their treatment and definition within legal frameworks.
I. Treatment in Book II
II. Definition of Real Right in Article 577
Understanding Things, Goods, and Articles
The purpose of law, specifically concerning real rights, rests upon any provision (thing or fact). Discussion often centers on the semantic meaning of “thing” as the object of real rights.
Read MoreHuman Rights Protection & Value Education for Societal Progress
Human Rights Redressal Mechanisms
Human rights are universal entitlements, ensuring every individual can live with dignity, freedom, and equality. Yet across the globe, these rights are too often violated—whether by a state overstepping its authority or by non-state actors acting with malicious intent. Redressal mechanisms form the backbone of accountability, offering both legal recourse and societal remediation when violations occur. This document examines how violations by the State, by private
Read MoreKant’s Philosophy: Understanding, A Priori Concepts, and Judgments
Kant’s Transcendental Analytic: Understanding and Concepts
The Transcendental Analytic is a crucial section where Immanuel Kant explains the faculty of understanding, which, alongside sensitivity, constitutes human knowledge. While understanding and sensitivity are distinct faculties, they always act together. The understanding allows us to comprehend what sensitivity offers. We understand when we can subsume objects under a concept. Thus, for Kant, understanding is the power of concepts or judgments.
Read MoreJudicial Justification: Internal, External, and Interpretation
Understanding Legal Justification
Justification, in a broad sense, refers to a system of rules—be they ideal, moral, or positive (current in society)—that applies not only to law but also to religious, moral, or corporate contexts. Initially, we will focus on justification within the legal system.
In principle, a judge is obligated to justify decisions under the law, unlike other systems, because the judge functions as an operator of law. Legal arguments differ significantly from moral arguments.
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