Understanding Human Nature: Identity, Freedom, and Responsibility
What is the essence of human nature? It is divided into the novel individual subject and an awareness that requires coherence and cohesion in what we say. This includes the novel social, cultural, and historical aspects.
The Problem of Personal Identity
This is a complex topic. There are realities to consider: the psychological, mental, physical, social, cultural (including genetics), economic, religious, and ethical. All these factors are developing and evolving.
People need answers to questions like:
Read MoreDescartes’ Method: A Path to Knowledge and Certainty
Part 1: The Necessary Method
The Foundation of Reason
Good sense or reason is fairly shared among men. Errors occur because thoughts differ. A good wit must apply reason well. Descartes announced a method that enabled him to know. This will not be exposed systematically, but biographically.
Early Education and Doubt
The education received as a child fostered a desire to know. Disappointment followed the completion of studies, filled with doubts and errors. One becomes aware of their ignorance.
Review
Read MorePhilosophical Currents: Utilitarianism to Habermas
Utilitarianism
Identify happiness with pleasure. The difference is that it is not considered in an individualistic way, as hedonists understood it. It follows the principle of “The greatest happiness for the greatest number”, i.e., an action will be better the more happiness it produces for the greatest number of people possible.
J. Bentham (1748-1832)
For him, nature has given us two great masters: pleasure and pain, that show us what is good or bad for us. He proposed an “Arithmetic of Pleasures”
Read MoreHume’s Empiricism: Principles and Implications
Hume’s Theory of Knowledge and Empiricism
In the treatise and in the investigation of human knowledge, Hume makes a very consistent development of empiricism.
Principles of Hume’s Empiricism
- Principle of Empiricism: Though our thought seems to have unlimited freedom, it is, in fact, reduced to very narrow limits. Reason cannot generate an original idea by itself.
- Principle of Immanence: Nothing can be in the mind except an image or perception. The senses are only conduits through which these images
Understanding Citizenship Dimensions and Societal Harmony
Dimensions of Citizenship
Citizenship expresses the aspiration of people to live in freedom and in solidarity with humanity, emphasizing fairness. This concept can be realized through a series of activities in several key areas:
The Political Dimension
According to this definition, all citizens of a state are granted a series of civil rights, which are rights that help individuals lead a life in an atmosphere of peace and security. These include the right to life, security, freedom, and opinion. Citizens
Read MoreDescartes’ Proof of God and Cartesian Ontology
Second Argument
The second argument starts with the same point but does not ask for the cause of the idea, but for the sake of the mind that thinks. The cause of my being has to live up to the idea of being infinite. I have not given it to be that I am an imperfect being. And my being is able to think about being perfect, but perfection is only able to think of the perfect being, but only the perfect can give me being. The cause of my being must be equal to the infinite. Then the infinite being exists
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