Philosophical Currents: Utilitarianism to Habermas
Utilitarianism
Identify happiness with pleasure. The difference is that it is not considered in an individualistic way, as hedonists understood it. It follows the principle of “The greatest happiness for the greatest number”, i.e., an action will be better the more happiness it produces for the greatest number of people possible.
J. Bentham (1748-1832)
For him, nature has given us two great masters: pleasure and pain, that show us what is good or bad for us. He proposed an “Arithmetic of Pleasures”
Read MoreHume’s Empiricism: Principles and Implications
Hume’s Theory of Knowledge and Empiricism
In the treatise and in the investigation of human knowledge, Hume makes a very consistent development of empiricism.
Principles of Hume’s Empiricism
- Principle of Empiricism: Though our thought seems to have unlimited freedom, it is, in fact, reduced to very narrow limits. Reason cannot generate an original idea by itself.
- Principle of Immanence: Nothing can be in the mind except an image or perception. The senses are only conduits through which these images
Understanding Citizenship Dimensions and Societal Harmony
Dimensions of Citizenship
Citizenship expresses the aspiration of people to live in freedom and in solidarity with humanity, emphasizing fairness. This concept can be realized through a series of activities in several key areas:
The Political Dimension
According to this definition, all citizens of a state are granted a series of civil rights, which are rights that help individuals lead a life in an atmosphere of peace and security. These include the right to life, security, freedom, and opinion. Citizens
Read MoreDescartes’ Proof of God and Cartesian Ontology
Second Argument
The second argument starts with the same point but does not ask for the cause of the idea, but for the sake of the mind that thinks. The cause of my being has to live up to the idea of being infinite. I have not given it to be that I am an imperfect being. And my being is able to think about being perfect, but perfection is only able to think of the perfect being, but only the perfect can give me being. The cause of my being must be equal to the infinite. Then the infinite being exists
Read MoreKant’s Transcendental Philosophy: An In-Depth Analysis
Transcendental Aesthetics
Kant realizes that solving this problem is necessary to develop a new theory of knowledge, according to which objects must conform to our knowledge. This hypothesis is analogous to that made by Copernicus. Because of its similarity to Kant’s hypothesis, it is called the Copernican Revolution in Kant. Kant states that we cannot know things in themselves, but only to the extent that they are subject to certain conditions of a priori knowledge brought by the subject.
Kant distinguishes
Read MoreHuman Reflection: Origin, Existence, and Personalism
The Key Drivers for Human Reflection
The key driver for reflection is the concern about the origin and destination of the human being, and their relationship with other living beings. Humans need some idea of how to perform to guide their actions; therefore, their existence is unimaginable. An image is a representation of your life; it is what is projected in front of you. The human needs images to know themself through an object. *Homo sapiens* live of their personality; past lived concerns or happiness.
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