Understanding Perspectivism: Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy
The text discusses the inflexible or dogmatic Objectivist philosophy, which posits that truth is singular and universal, applying equally to every individual, culture, and era. The author highlights this with the quote: “… So each system intended to hold for all times and for all men. Exempt from the critical dimension, historical or perspectivistica …” He argues that Objectivism should be articulated within a critical perspective. The concept of pure reason is replaced by vital reason, emphasizing
Read MoreUnderstanding Moral Conscience, Freedom, and Responsibility
Moral Conscience
Moral conscience is the application of reason to assess, discern, and freely respond to values. It is the aspect of a person that recognizes and embraces values guided by reason and moral sensitivity. The result is expressed in moral judgments or ethical assessments. A duty-based approach defines freedom as the connection between a person’s goals and the means to achieve them, which we call responsibility.
The development of moral conscience is related to cognitive, affective, and
Read MoreDescartes’ “I Think, Therefore I Am”: Justification and Impact
Descartes’ Methodological Doubt and “I Think, Therefore I Am”
Subject:
Reasons to justify methodological doubt and arrival at the first principle of Cartesian philosophy: “I think, therefore I am.”
Key Ideas:
- The senses deceive us, so what we perceive through them is false.
- Since we err, everything we had considered proven should be rejected.
- Thoughts are presented to us both when awake and asleep, so our perceptions are no more real than illusions.
- It is impossible to doubt everything, because the act
Descartes’ Philosophy: Cogito, God, and Certainty
To understand Descartes’ philosophy, one must grasp a fundamental truth: doubting everything leads to the realization that there is someone who doubts, and therefore, a thinking intelligence exists. From this, Descartes concludes the existence of thought, famously stated in Latin as “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am), which he considers the first certainty. It is the only knowledge that can assert its own existence.
An analysis of this first certainty reveals that existence is recognized
Read MoreUnderstanding Determinism and Human Freedom
Cosmological Determinism
Cosmological determinism: the destination.
The Stoics saw a need to find out what is the order of the cosmos to know how we behave in it, and it resorted to the doctrine of Heraclitus of Ephesus, who said that everything is explained for some reason, and as the number of reasons cannot be infinite, there must be a prime reason, according to them, that happiness is aware that any exterior is in the hands of fate, trying to ensure peace of mind. This begins to open a distinction
Read MoreMarx’s Historical Materialism: Alienation and Ideology
Marx’s Historical Materialism
The Concept of Alienation
It’s like the action of social movements conveying what is proper.
Marx considered the alienated work in modern society as the fundamental total alienation. In Marx’s conception, human work is existential activity. Through work, therefore, man develops his being in history and establishes himself as a social being.
In the relationship between the subject (worker) and the object (product produced), the object is the result of the subject’s transformative
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