Justice and the Challenges of the State
Justice According to Different Authors
Justice: To each one as corresponds. Different authors define justice in their own way:
- Plato: Understands justice as harmony. Society is just if each member fulfills their specific function.
- Aristotle: Connects justice to proportional equality. Treat equals equally and unequals unequally. He distinguishes two forms:
- Commutative Justice: Exchange of goods between individuals.
- Distributive Justice: Distribution of goods and burdens within the community. Fair sharing
Hume’s Moral Emotivism and Social Utility
Hume’s Moral Emotivism and Its Relevance Today
There are certain principles common to all mankind that are responsible for moral sentiments, which are similar and act the same way in all men. Thus, we could all judge helping others as good, and murder as, at worst. Finally, the text stresses the importance of utility to raise the sense of appreciation for the action to qualify a person as virtuous. Therefore, it is stated that what is harmful to society is morally wrong. So, Hume believes that it
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophy: Vitalism & Will to Power
Nietzsche and His Influence
Nietzsche’s philosophy significantly impacted various intellectual currents. He engaged critically with several key figures and concepts:
- The Romantics: They opposed the Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason, exalting the creative genius of the artist.
- Herbert Spencer (Social Darwinism): Spencer extrapolated Darwin’s natural selection to human societies. Nietzsche, however, *did not* share the theory that the “best” are the winners in the struggle for survival.
- Socrates: Nietzsche
Human Nature: Reason, Language, and Morality
Human Nature: Reason, Language and Morality
Man is the only rational being capable of making decisions for itself and not be swayed by instincts.
- Logos: Reason and words (thinking in words).
- Ethology: Science that studies the behavior of animals in their natural state.
Human Language vs. Animal Communication
Human Language: We possess words (logos), which serve not only to refer to concrete actions, but also to abstract ideas of all kinds, such as justice, beauty, or liberty. Human language is an open,
Read MoreEvolutionism, Creationism, and the Mind-Brain Problem
Evolutionism and Creationism: Contrasting Theories
Are evolutionism and creationism theories opposed? They operate within different frameworks. Evolution is a scientific theory, while creationism is a religious belief. The opposite of evolutionism (the doctrine that all species today come from more primitive species) is Fixism (the doctrine that asserts that species are separate and remain unchanged over time).
Conversely, the opposite of creationism (the doctrine that all reality originates from
Read MorePhilosophy Quizzes: Scientific Methods, Theories, and Concepts
Quiz 4
- Question: Double-blind studies on the effectiveness of drugs require the use of which scientific method?
Answer: The Method of Difference - Question: Which scientific method was used to discover the influence of the gravitational field of the Moon on the Earth?
Answer: The Method of Concomitant Variations - Question: What is the essential characteristic of scientific theories, according to Karl Popper?
Answer: Refutability - Question: David Hume belonged to which philosophical tradition?
Answer: Empiricism - Question: