Descartes’ Philosophy: Ideas, Knowledge, and Morality

Descartes’ Theory of Ideas and Reality

The application of the first principle of the method and the use of intuition lead to the first truth. This truth faces the problem of deducing the existence of the material world. Descartes seeks to prove this existence based solely on the existence of thought and addresses the issue through his theory of ideas. He affirms that we think about ideas, not things themselves. Ideas are like a graphical representation of things, but to conceive an idea as an object

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Understanding Human Rights: Foundations and Evolution

Foundations of Human Rights

Human rights serve as a framework for understanding reality. The cornerstone of human rights, and the source of all legislation derived from them, is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Human rights can be considered a secondary legal standard, providing an ethical benchmark to evaluate existing legal systems globally and determine their fairness.

The Law of Nature and Natural Rights

John Locke argued

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AI Planning & Logic: Algorithms and Search Techniques

Backward Chaining Algorithm Explained

Backward chaining is a reasoning technique used in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and expert systems. It starts from the goal (what we want to prove) and works backward to find facts or rules that support it. It is commonly used in logic programming, rule-based systems, and Prolog.

Example: Simple Knowledge Base

Let’s consider a simple knowledge base (rule-based system):

Rules:

  • If it is raining, then the ground is wet. (Raining → WetGround)
  • If it is cloudy, then
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Plato’s Idealism and Kant’s Critical Philosophy

Plato’s Core Philosophy

Seeking True Knowledge

Plato sought to build a system of wisdom not based on fleeting sense perception or mere opinion, but rather on an understanding of what things truly are.

He argued that to discover the real essence of things, one cannot rely on subjective opinion, but must strive for an understanding of the objective reality.

The World of Forms and the Allegory of the Cave

Plato posited the existence of Forms (or Ideas) that make the sensible world comprehensible. While

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Language, Identity, and Universal Concepts in Philosophy

Language as a Pre-Existing Sphere

A key moment comes when Socrates asks: “Is he Greek, and does he speak Greek?” This is not merely about communication—it suggests that dialogue depends on a shared conceptual world. Language exists before we speak it; it is a system of meaning passed through generations. To speak, then, is to step into a timeless structure in which the present is shaped by the accumulated memory of the past. Language—and by extension writing—becomes a vessel of collective

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Understanding Ethics and Morality: Principles and Theories

Human actions, both individual and social, are regulated by legal rules, social norms, religious doctrines, and also by principles, values, and moral standards, whether rudimentary or sophisticated.

Ethics and Morality are terms that, by their etymology, refer to customs in terms of regulating human actions and the construction of the moral character of individuals and societies to dignify the human person and life. While morality studies and proposes specific codes and values, ethics, as a branch

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