Blockchain Fundamentals: Definition, Architecture, and Operation
1. Defining Blockchain and Architecture
What is Blockchain?
Blockchain is a distributed and shared ledger where data is stored in blocks. Each block is linked to the previous one, and data can be updated only with the agreement of all nodes. Once stored, data is very difficult to change, and no central authority is required.
Architecture of Blockchain
- Internet Layer: Provides basic communication between nodes.
- Peer-to-Peer Network: All nodes connect directly without a central server.
- Transactions: Records
Human Needs vs Animal Needs: Physical Facilities and Fulfillment
Physical Facilities: Animals vs Humans
Q) “Physical facilities are necessary and complete for animals, while they are necessary but not complete for humans.” Comment.
The statement highlights the distinction between the needs of animals and humans, emphasizing the difference in their levels of existence and consciousness. Here’s a detailed analysis:
For Animals: Physical Facilities Are Necessary and Complete
Animals primarily operate at the level of physical survival and instinct. Their needs revolve
Catholic Social Teaching on Life, Property, and Economic Systems
Bioethics: Moral Reflection on Life and Science
Origin and Purpose of Bioethics
Bioethics arises from the need to reflect morally on the rapid development of science and technology, particularly in the fields of medicine and biology.
As scientific progress began to make it possible to intervene directly in the origin, development, and end of human life, ethical questions emerged that could not be answered by technical knowledge alone.
Bioethics, therefore, seeks to evaluate scientific practices in the
Read MoreCatholic Social Teaching: Core Principles and Ethics
1. Fundamentals of Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC)
Definition and Purpose
- Definition: A theological-moral model pertaining to the new evangelization, offering a propositional table based on reason directed toward the common good.
- Purpose: It is not an ideology or a political program, but a tool for analyzing social, economic, and political contexts through a Christian lens.
Historical Origin and Sources
- Historical Origin: Formally emerged in 1891 with Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum to address the “labor
Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy
Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy
Aristotle: Father of Political Science
Aristotle is called the father of political science because he studied politics through observation and practical reasoning. He believed that humans are political beings who can achieve their highest moral and intellectual development only within the state, whose purpose is to promote the good life.
Slavery and Greek social context: His justification of slavery was based on the idea of natural slavery, where
Read MorePlato: Ethics, Soul, and Political Justice
Ethics and Politics
Objective: To train rulers who might become righteous governors was one of the fundamental objectives of Plato’s philosophy, since ethics and politics are closely connected: both implement justice in public and private life. For Plato, ethics and politics are inseparable; the individual cannot live in happiness if society lacks justice.
Theory of Forms and Political Rule
The theory of Forms and politics are related in that only those who have contemplated the Forms and know the