Essential Concepts & Formulas in Physical Chemistry & Physics

Posted by admin on Aug 10, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Fundamental Principles & Equations in Science

Quantum Mechanics & Atomic Structure

• Einstein’s Mass-Energy Equivalence

  Binding Energy: E = mc² (Joules)

• Magnetic Moment

  μ = eh / (2m)

• de Broglie Wavelength

  λ = h / (mv)

• Photon Energy & Frequency

  Energy: E = hν

  Frequency: ν = c / λ (Hertz)

• Rydberg Formula (Wavenumber)

  Wavenumber: ṽ = R_H (1/n₁² – 1/n₂²)

• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

  The product of the uncertainty in a particle’s momentum (Δp) and its position (Δx) is greater than or

Read More

Comprehensive Medication Dosages: 100 Key Drugs

Posted by admin on Aug 5, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

This comprehensive reference provides a list of 100 essential medications, their common dosages, and helpful memory tricks for easier learning and recall. The drugs are categorized for clarity, covering a wide range of therapeutic areas.

Part 1: Anesthetics, Cardiac, and Neurological Medications (Drugs 1-30)

1. Xylocaine (Lidocaine) 2% solution, 2-4 mL IM/IV
2. Prozerin (Neostigmine) 0.05% solution, 1 mL SC/IM
3. Atropine Sulfate 0.05-0.1% solution, 1 mL SC/IM
4. Platyphylline 0.2% solution, 1 mL SC
5. Suxamethonium

Read More

Understanding Chemical Equilibrium: Constants, Principles, and Factors

Posted by admin on Apr 6, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Chemical Equilibrium: Constants and Principles

Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / [A] [B]^b = Q (not express equilibrium concentrations) <kc reaction to right> left = reaction toward equilibrium system

Kp = P_c^c P_d^d / P_a^a P_b^b (gas only)

Kx = X_c^c X_d^d / X_a^a X_b^b

Kp = Kc (RT)^W

K_x = Kp · P^W

P_parcial = X (n species / total n) · P_t

Degree of dissociation (alpha #) # = x (n-differentiated) / c (initial total n) | A-2B (n (1 – #) / 2n #), A-B + C (n (1 – #) / n # / n #), 2A-B + C (n (1 – #) / n # / 2 / n # / 2), 2A + B-2C

Read More

Cardiovascular and Neurological Conditions: A Review

Posted by admin on Mar 24, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Angina

Substernal pain caused by insufficient perfusion of the myocardium.

Angina Types

• Stable: Oxygen demand exceeds supply, usually brought on by physical exertion.
  • Drug therapy: SL NTG, BB, or LA nitrate
• Variant: Oxygen supply decreases due to vasospasm, may occur at rest.
  • Calcium channel blocker
• Unstable: Oxygen supply decreases as demand increases; secondary to atherosclerotic plaque rupture within the coronary artery.
  • Combination e.g. CCB + BB

Drugs Used in Angina Pectoris

Vasodilators

Nitrates

Short,

Read More

Cardiac Measurements, ECG Findings, and Heart Conditions

Posted by admin on Mar 20, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

Cardiac Measurements and Normal Values

This section provides normal values for various cardiac measurements obtained during echocardiography.

• KSGDD (LV): N (Upper limit): 56
• Indskas: N (Upper limit): 29
• TSP (Interventricular Septum): N: 9-10
• KSUS (Posterior Wall): N: 9-10
• KS MM (LV): M: 105, W: 95
• Mass Index: M: 105, W: 95
• SSS (Relative Wall Thickness): [Table Data Missing – Requires Calculation]

Ejection Fraction (EF): N: 55+% Low EF may indicate cardiomyopathy, heart attack, coronary artery disease, or

Read More

ECG Interpretation and Cardiovascular Management Essentials

Posted by admin on Mar 14, 2025 in Pharmacy | 0 comments

ECG Interpretation and Cardiovascular Management

ECG Lead Locations and Waveform Analysis

• II, III, aVF: Inferior leads
• V1 & V2: Septal leads
• V3 & V4: Anterior leads
• I, aVL, V5 & V6: Lateral leads

Electrode Placement

RA (White), LA (Black), V (Brown)

Intervals and Segments

• PR Interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
  • Shorter PR: Impulse from AV junction
  • Longer PR: First-degree AV block
• QRS Interval: 0.06-0.12 seconds
• QT Interval: 0.39-0.43 seconds (Predisposes to Torsades de Pointes, intensified by low calcium

Read More