Engineering Research: Types, Goals, and Ethics
Engineering Research: An Overview
1. Defining Research and the Research Flow Cycle
Research is a structured, objective, and systematic search for knowledge or the formulation of new theories driven by curiosity about the unknown. It involves creating new knowledge by developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions to see if they match the original hypotheses.
Engineering Research Process
The research process includes several steps to conduct an effective investigation:
- Formulate
Medical Diagnosis Fundamentals & Clinical History Taking
Core Medical Diagnostic Concepts
Sign
A visible or measurable manifestation of a disease.
Syndrome
A collection of signs and symptoms that occur together, characteristic of a specific condition, regardless of the underlying cause.
Diagnosis
The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms and signs. It involves understanding the anatomical and physiological changes caused by a morbid agent.
Nosological Diagnosis
Assigns the specific name given in pathology to
Read MoreSocial Pharmacy: Public Health, Pharmacist Roles, and More
Social Pharmacy: An Overview
Social pharmacy is the discipline dealing with the role of medicines from social, scientific, and humanistic perspectives.
Scope of Social Pharmacy in Improving Public Health
Health financing: To protect vulnerable populations from financial hardships, pharmacists ensure cost-effective health care through the rational use of medical products and modern technologies. Studies show pharmacists can substantially increase health care savings by reducing medication-related problems
Read MoreEffective Pre-Prosthetic Stump Management for Amputation Recovery
Pre-prosthetic management of the stump refers to the steps and care provided to the residual limb (or stump) following amputation, aimed at preparing the individual for the use of a prosthetic limb. This phase is critical for ensuring optimal functional outcomes after the fitting of a prosthesis.
Key Components of Pre-Prosthetic Management
Here are the key components of pre-prosthetic management:
Wound Healing and Stump Care
Monitoring for Infection
Ensuring the amputation site is free from infection
Effective Document Management and Filing Systems
Definition of a File
A file is where all the documents of a professional or a business are kept. It also refers to a set of related data. As an active center for information, documents must be perfectly ordered. The storage of documents constitutes the memory or history of the office or unit.
File Functions
- Review clinical documentation before filing
- Clinical coding
- Warehouse and storage of documentation
- Control of loans and returns
- Treatment of liabilities (archiving documents with little chance of future
Ethical Principles in Human Research: Belmont & Helsinki
Belmont Report Principles
April 18, 1979, Belmont, USA
Basic Ethical Principles
- Respect for Persons: Acknowledging autonomy and protecting those with diminished autonomy.
- Beneficence: Do no harm; maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.
- Justice: Fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of research.
Informed Consent Elements
Information
Subjects must be informed about the research procedure, its purposes, risks and anticipated benefits, alternative procedures (if therapy is involved),