Community Pharmacy Essentials: Diabetes, OTC Meds, and Pain Management
Diabetes Management in Community Pharmacy
Counselling for Diabetes – Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia in diabetes results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic dysregulation can lead to secondary damage in multiple organ systems, especially the kidneys, eyes, nerves, and blood vessels. Patient counselling includes:
- Pharmacological Management: Biphasic insulin, teneligliptin,
Interlanguage: Analysis, Errors, and Second Language Acquisition
Unit 7: Interlanguage Studies
Interlanguage is a dynamic linguistic system developed by a second language learner who has not yet achieved full proficiency but is approximating the target language.
Characteristics of Interlanguages
- Permeability
- Dynamicity
- Systematicity
- Variability
Contrastive Analysis
Researchers conducted contrastive analysis, systematically comparing two languages. They aimed to identify similarities and differences between the native language (NL) and the target language (TL). It was
Read MoreUnderstanding Legal Norms: Validity and Structure
Standard Criteria for Legal Validity
For a legal norm to be valid, it must meet the following criteria:
- Competent Authority: The norm must be produced by an authority with the legal power to do so. Invalidity can arise from a “formal defect,” where the issuer lacks the necessary authority.
- Appropriate Procedures: The norm must be created following established procedures. This can also lead to invalidity due to:
- Formal procedural defects (disregarding formal requirements).
- Defects in the content itself
Online vs Traditional Education: A Comparison
Online vs Traditional Education: Key Differences
The process of selecting a university can be frustrating and overwhelming for students, especially when assessing the variables and searching through the extent of attainable information. Before choosing a university to attend, students must first consider an online or traditional university. With the rising costs of education, more students are choosing an online university. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, “In 2007–08,
Effective Sampling Techniques and Validity in Research
Sampling Techniques and Validity in Research
Defining the Population of Interest
A population is the group of people that you want to make assumptions about. For example, if you want to know how much stress college students experience during finals, your population is college students.
Determining the Sampling Frame
A sampling frame is the group of people from which you will draw your sample. For example, your sampling frame might be every student at the university where you work.
Selecting a Sampling
Read MoreUnderstanding Health: Determinants and Promotion
Understanding Health: Determinants and Promotion
Definition of Health
- Old Definition: Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
- Current Definition (WHO): Health is “the ability to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and to change or cope with the environment.”
Major Determinants of Health
- Social factors
- Economic factors (often outside individual and collective control)
- Environmental factors
Factors Describing Population Health Status
- Life expectancy:
- Example (Czech Republic)