Production Planning and Control: From Strategy to Scheduling
**Item 14: Planning and Production Control**
Operations Planning: Medium and Short Term
The process of planning and controlling production should follow a hierarchical approach in which vertical integration is achieved between the strategic and tactical objectives of the production system. It should also establish its horizontal relationship with other functional areas of the company. There are different hierarchical levels when making operations planning, depending on the horizon, but it is conditioned
Read MoreOptical Fiber Testing with OTDR and WDM Technology
Working Principle of OTDR
Light Pulse Injection:
The Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) uses a laser or LED to generate short, intense pulses of light, which are injected into the optical fiber under test.
Travel Through the Fiber:
The light pulse propagates through the fiber, encountering natural phenomena such as Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflection:
- Rayleigh Scattering: A small portion of the light is scattered in all directions due to microscopic variations in the fiber material.
- Fresnel
Educational Technology and Economics: Impact on Learning
Educational Technology: Definitions, Meaning, and Scope
The word “technology” is derived from the two Greek words, technic and logia. “Technic” means “art” or “skill,” and “Logia” means “science” or “study.” Therefore, the simplest meaning of technology is the “science of study of an art or skill.”
Definitions of Technology
- “Technology is knowledge organized for production.” – Sachs. I
- “Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to a practical purpose.” – Page T
- “Technology is the set of instruments
Strategic Marketing: Objectives, Strategies, and Action Plans
Topic 4: Basic Principles for Setting Marketing Objectives
Basic principles for setting objectives (SMART):
- Align with corporate goals and available resources.
- Focus on “what” and “when,” not “how” or “why.”
- Be realistic but ambitious.
- Clearly documented and shared with everyone involved.
- Allow for measurable results to justify the budget.
Three main areas on which we base our marketing objectives are:
- Attraction: Increase new customers, sales, or social media followers.
- Loyalty: Encourage repeat purchases
Environmental Management Systems: Key Elements & Sustainability
Legal Requirements of an Environmental Management System (EMS)
You must establish, deploy, and maintain an Environmental Management System (EMS) containing procedures that address legal and other requirements related to its environmental aspects. This includes:
- Laws
- Statutes and regulations
- Decrees
- Directives
- Permits and licenses
- Orders and opinions issued by regulatory bodies
- Treaties, conventions, and protocols
Environmental Goals
An organization, or a part of it, must develop the application of environmental
Read MoreKey Business Processes and Leadership Strategies
Administrative Process
The administrative process is a fundamental process that every company should undertake to ensure competitiveness. It is divided into four major activities:
- Planning: Decision on the objectives, defining plans for achieving them, and scheduling of activities.
- Organization: Structuring resources and activities to achieve goals, defining roles and positions.
- Direction: Designation of roles to address the objectives.
- Control: Defining standards for measuring performance.