Organizational Structure and Decentralization: A Comprehensive Guide
Organizational Structure and Hierarchy
Chain of Command/Hierarchy of Authority
The chain of command refers to the levels of hierarchical authority within an organization. Its length depends on the span of control.
Span of Control
The span of control refers to the maximum number of subordinates that can be effectively managed by a single manager.
Narrow Span of Control
A narrow span of control leads to a greater number of hierarchical levels and a longer chain of command. This results in a more clustered
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Chain of Command/Hierarchy of Authority
The scale of levels of hierarchical authority existing in an organization. Its length depends on the extent of the span of control.
Span of Control
The maximum number of subordinates that can be placed under the jurisdiction of a person holding a managerial post who acts as their immediate superior.
Narrow Span of Control
- Greater hierarchical level
- Lengthens the chain of commands
- Cluster structures
Advantages:
- Release of management duties and greater access to them
Fundamental & Technical Analysis: Valuation of Shares & Market Efficiency
ITEM 6: EVALUATION OF SHARES
FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF ASSETS
Fundamental Analysis
Objective: Determine the intrinsic value of a financial asset.
Intrinsic Value: Present value of future cash flows generated by the asset, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate.
Aspects to Study in Fundamental Analysis
External Analysis:
Variables affecting the general environment, the economy, and the industry.
- General Environment:
- Economic scenario: Inflation, interest rates, GDP…
- Social environment:
Group Project Guidelines: Introduction to Business Management
Introduction
This document outlines the guidelines for the group project, a component of the continuous assessment for the Introduction to Business Management course (Degree of Economics). The project aims to provide practical application of the theoretical concepts covered in the course through the analysis of an organization chosen by each group.
Project Overview
Once your group has selected an organization and received approval from the professor, you will create and submit a comprehensive report
Open and Closed Systems in Living Organisms: A Glossary of Terms
Equifinality
Refers to the fact that a living system, from different initial conditions and by different routes, can reach the same final state. The order refers to the maintenance of a steady state flux. “You can achieve the same final state, the same goal, starting from different initial conditions and following different paths in organismic processes” (von Bertalanffy. 1976:137).
Multifinality
The reverse process of equifinality is called multifinality, i.e., “similar initial conditions can lead
Read MoreOpen and Closed Systems in Living Organisms: A Glossary of Terms
Equifinality
Refers to the fact that a living system, from different initial conditions and by different routes, can reach the same final state. The order refers to the maintenance of a steady state flux. “You can achieve the same final state, the same goal, starting from different initial conditions and following different paths in organismic processes” (von Bertalanffy. 1976:137).
The reverse process is called multifinality, i.e., “similar initial conditions can lead to different final states” (
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