Phonetics: Vowels, Consonants, and Sound Articulation
Phonetics and Phonology Fundamentals
Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the characteristics of human sound making, especially those sounds made in natural speech. It provides methods for the description, classification, production, combination, and representation by written symbols. Phonetics also studies aspects like stress, rhythm, and intonation.
Phone: A Distinct Speech Segment
A phone is a speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual
Read MoreAI Planning, Bayes’ Rule, and Machine Learning Concepts
Planning involves finding an action sequence that, when executed in the initial state, leads to a goal state. The challenge lies in creating a language expressive enough for diverse problems yet restrictive enough for efficient algorithms.
Representation of States and Goals
Planners decompose the world into logical conditions, representing a state as a conjunction of positive literals. The closed-world assumption dictates that unmentioned conditions are false.
A goal is a partially specified state,
Read MoreFricatives and Affricates: Articulatory Phonetics
Fricatives and Affricates: Parameters
Parameters
- Voice: voiceless, voiced
- POA: Dental, Alveolar, Post-alveolar, Glottal
- MOA:
- Degree of construction: fricative (vs. approximants vs. ‘stops’)
- Speed of release of the closure: affricate (vs. plosives)
- Laterality: median (vs. lateral) fricatives/affricates
- Tongue shape: grooved fricative/affricate vs. slit fricative/affricate
Fricatives are produced by forcing air through a narrow channel. This channel is made between the active and passive articulators drawn
Read MoreStar vs. Snowflake Schema: SQL Examples & Python Clustering
Snowflake Schema Example
Below are SQL examples demonstrating the structure of a Snowflake schema:
CREATE TABLE sales_fact (
customer_id VARCHAR(10),
car_id VARCHAR(10),
date_id DATE
);CREATE TABLE customer_dim (
customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(20),
address VARCHAR(25),
phone_no INT,
city VARCHAR(10)
);CREATE TABLE car_dim (
car_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(10),
year INT,
model VARCHAR(10)
);CREATE TABLE date_dim (
date_id INT PRIMARY Educational Test Quality: Reliability, Practicality & Types
Educational Test Quality
Test Reliability
Defining Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency with which a test measures abilities. This implies, for example, that the same score should ideally be obtained if the test is taken on one particular day or on the next. Sources of unreliability may be found in some features of the test itself or in the methods of scoring it.
In a research context, reliability also means the extent to which an independent researcher, analyzing the same data, would reach
Read MoreEconomics of Education: Midterm Exam Review & Key Concepts
Economics of Education: Midterm Exam Review
Session 1: Course Introduction
Article 1: It’s 2019, Why do 21st century skills still matter?
- Education is shifting as we wrap up two decades of the 21st century.
- Instead of relying on textbooks and teacher direction, these students have to think critically about unfolding events, collaborate with peers and adults, and make creative use of digital tools to communicate their ideas.
- Yesterday’s focus on memorization and rote learning would not prepare students