Naval Architecture Archives - Student Notes

Language Test Design: Approaches and Key Elements

Posted by admin on Jun 5, 2025 in Naval Architecture | 0 comments

Approaches to Language Test Construction

Direct vs. Indirect Testing

Indirect testing is often considered superior to direct testing in that its results are more generalizable.

Direct Testing

Direct testing requires the candidate to perform precisely the skill we wish to measure. For example, if we want to know how well candidates can write compositions, we have them write compositions. The tasks and texts used should be as authentic as possible. The very acts of speaking and writing provide us with

Phonetics: Vowels, Consonants, and Sound Articulation

Posted by admin on Apr 28, 2025 in Naval Architecture | 0 comments

Phonetics and Phonology Fundamentals

Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the characteristics of human sound making, especially those sounds made in natural speech. It provides methods for the description, classification, production, combination, and representation by written symbols. Phonetics also studies aspects like stress, rhythm, and intonation.

Phone: A Distinct Speech Segment

A phone is a speech segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual

AI Planning, Bayes’ Rule, and Machine Learning Concepts

Posted by admin on Apr 2, 2025 in Naval Architecture | 0 comments

Planning involves finding an action sequence that, when executed in the initial state, leads to a goal state. The challenge lies in creating a language expressive enough for diverse problems yet restrictive enough for efficient algorithms.

Representation of States and Goals

Planners decompose the world into logical conditions, representing a state as a conjunction of positive literals. The closed-world assumption dictates that unmentioned conditions are false.

A goal is a partially specified state,

Fricatives and Affricates: Articulatory Phonetics

Posted by admin on Mar 30, 2025 in Naval Architecture | 0 comments

Fricatives and Affricates: Parameters

Parameters

Voice: voiceless, voiced
POA: Dental, Alveolar, Post-alveolar, Glottal
MOA:
Degree of construction: fricative (vs. approximants vs. ‘stops’)
Speed of release of the closure: affricate (vs. plosives)
Laterality: median (vs. lateral) fricatives/affricates
Tongue shape: grooved fricative/affricate vs. slit fricative/affricate

Fricatives are produced by forcing air through a narrow channel. This channel is made between the active and passive articulators drawn

Star vs. Snowflake Schema: SQL Examples & Python Clustering

Posted by admin on Mar 30, 2025 in Naval Architecture | 0 comments

Snowflake Schema Example

Below are SQL examples demonstrating the structure of a Snowflake schema:

CREATE TABLE sales_fact (
    customer_id VARCHAR(10),
    car_id VARCHAR(10),
    date_id DATE
);

CREATE TABLE customer_dim (
    customer_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(20),
    address VARCHAR(25),
    phone_no INT,
    city VARCHAR(10)
);

CREATE TABLE car_dim (
    car_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    name VARCHAR(10),
    year INT,
    model VARCHAR(10)
);

CREATE TABLE date_dim (
    date_id INT PRIMARY

Educational Test Quality: Reliability, Practicality & Types

Posted by admin on Mar 28, 2025 in Naval Architecture | 0 comments

Educational Test Quality

Test Reliability

Defining Reliability

Reliability refers to the consistency with which a test measures abilities. This implies, for example, that the same score should ideally be obtained if the test is taken on one particular day or on the next. Sources of unreliability may be found in some features of the test itself or in the methods of scoring it.

In a research context, reliability also means the extent to which an independent researcher, analyzing the same data, would reach

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