Biotechnology, Immunity, and Bacterial Diseases: An Overview
Biotechnology: Obtaining Transgenics
To improve:
- Productivity
- Weather resistance [temperature]
- Action against pathologies
Production: Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA [selected desirable gene incorporation] is inserted into an organism to improve it. Restricted bacterial enzymes [DNA sequence] cut the genes. Bacteria are isolated, copied, and then joined to the organism that is to be improved, creating a transgenic organism.
Techniques to Incorporate Macromolecules and Proteins
Projectile injection, diffusion,
Read MoreYersinia, E. coli, Dysentery, and Campylobacter: Facts
Yersinia
Yersinia: Tenf Gastroent d trans fecohid agcausal Yenterolitica germ bact description so small hesitation and G, and produces ecotoxicity ecology microb facultative anaerobes, mesophyll, grows in widely varying thermal condic aw = 0.95 pH:
Epidemiology: 7a8 pr s transm via fecal-oral route. The populations are suscep + + young, elderly and immunocompromised individuals
Fuents cont: d water consumption untreated sick food handlers or cntamindos x carriers, inadequate sanitation sh faeces
Food
Read MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Syphilis
Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease primarily spread through sexual contact. It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Transmission occurs through contact with sores, cankers, or syphilitic lesions.
AIDS (HIV)
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their immune system is severely compromised by HIV, making them susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Read MoreUnderstanding Primary Immunodeficiency: Types, Causes, and Inflammation
Primary Immunodeficiency: T and B Cell Disorders
Primary immunodeficiency involves disorders affecting T cells (related to infection organic level) and B cells (related to airway pyogenic infections).
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
SCID is characterized by the absence of T and B lymphocytes, leading to a lack of immune response. It results in infections from opportunistic pathogens and failure of lymphoid stem cell maturation. SCID can be associated with the X chromosome. A defective IL-7
Read MoreInfluenza Virus, Epidemiology, and Malaria
The Lytic Life Cycle of the Influenza Virus
The lytic cycle is a method of viral replication involving the independent replication of viral DNA/RNA as part of virion assembly.
This is in contrast to the lysogenic cycle, where the viral DNA is integrated into the host genome and replicated with the cell’s DNA.
The lytic life cycle of the influenza virus can be summarized in a number of key steps:
- When the virus attaches to cell surface receptors, it is internalized in an endosome, uncoated, and released
Bacterial Culture Isolation and Clostridium Tetani
Variant 11
1. Pure Culture Isolation of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
Principles and Methods of Isolated Colonies’ Obtaining
Methods of Pure Anaerobes’ Culture Isolation
Isolation of Anaerobic Microorganisms
1st Day:
- Obtain specimen from patient.
- Examine specimen under light microscope using Gram’s technique.
- Inoculate specimen on Robertson cooked medium (glu + liver + layer of oil).
- Incubation, 24 hrs. 37°C.
2nd Day:
- Examine pureness under light microscope by Gram staining.
- Dilution of microorganisms in