Surgical and Medication Terms for Patients
Medical Terms and Abbreviations
This list preserves the original terms and provides corrected spelling, grammar, and consistent capitalization for clarity.
- INR
- International Normalized Ratio; a system that reports the results of blood clotting tests and is used when patients take anticoagulant medication.
- IM / IMI
- Intramuscular injection; an injection given into the muscle.
- liver disease
- A disease that decreases liver function.
- mane
- In the morning (Latin medical abbreviation).
- metabolism
- Chemical processes
Essential Pharmacology and Medication Administration
Essential Pharmacology Terms
- Onset: The time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration.
- Peak drug level: The highest drug concentration in the blood.
- Trough drug level: The lowest concentration reached before the next dose.
- Duration: The length of time a drug exerts a therapeutic effect.
- Side effects: Secondary drug effects.
- Adverse reactions: Unintentional or unexpected reactions.
- Drug interactions: A changed action of a drug resulting from interaction with another drug.
- Drug toxicity:
Clinical Fever Management and Sitz Bath Protocols
Definition and Causes of Fever
Definition: A body temperature rise above 99°F (37° Celsius) is clinically defined as a fever.
Common Causes of Fever
- Infections: Bacterial, viral, fungal, and other pathogens.
- Tissue Damage: Trauma, surgery, or myocardial infarction.
- Dehydration or Heat Exposure: Heatstroke and hyperthermia.
- Malignancy: Conditions such as leukemia and lymphoma.
- Allergic Reactions: Adverse drug or serum reactions.
- Hormonal Causes: Ovulation or hyperthyroidism.
- Drugs and Medications: Antibiotics,
Community Nutrition Strategies to Prevent Cancer
Primary Prevention of Tumours via Community Nutrition
Page 14 — Background
Background:
- Although our genes influence our risk of cancer, most of the difference in cancer risk between people is due to factors that are not inherited.
- Reasons for the large international differences in the incidence of most cancers are unknown.
- For most people who do not use tobacco, the most important cancer risk factors that can be changed are: body weight, diet, and physical activity. These same behaviours are also linked
Clinical Pathology: Diseases, Causes and Pathogenesis
Feedback System
FEEDBACK SYSTEM. When there are changes in the internal environment of the body, the body’s feedback system acts to return it to the normal equilibrium condition. A feedback system includes three basic components:
- Receptor
- Control Centre
- Effector
Receptor
A receptor is a body structure that monitors or detects changes in the internal environment of the body.
Control Centre
A control centre receives input from receptors and generates output in the form of nerve impulses, hormones or other
Read MoreHistopathology Tissue Processing Techniques and Principles
Aims of Tissue Processing
The basic aim of tissue processing is to provide sufficient rigidity to the tissue to be cut into thin sections for microscopic examination.
Principle of Processing
In tissue processing, the water within the tissue is removed, and another medium (usually paraffin wax) is impregnated into the tissue to provide adequate support.
Essential Steps in Tissue Processing
- Dehydration: In this step, water is removed from the tissue. Water is immiscible with wax; therefore, to infiltrate