Histology Sample Fixation: Principles and Methods
Fixation is the first step of any histological and cytological laboratory technique. It is the process by which the cells in the tissue are fixed in a chemical and physical state, and all biochemical and proteolytic activities within the cells are prevented, allowing the cells or tissues to resist morphological change, distortion, or decomposition after subsequent treatment with various reagents.
Aims of Histological Fixation
- To preserve the tissue as close to its living state as possible.
- To prevent
Hemophilia: Causes, Types, Treatments, and Genetic Diagnosis
Understanding Hemophilia
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder linked to the X chromosome, characterized by the blood’s inability to clot properly. It leads to internal and external bleeding due to a partial deficiency of specific clotting proteins, known as antihemophilic globulin or coagulation factors.
How Blood Clotting Works
Coagulation factors are a group of proteins responsible for activating the clotting process. There are 13 identified factors (I, II, …, XIII; Factor IV has not been assigned)
Read MoreUnderstanding Drug Classifications and Their Impact
Sociological Classification: Legal drugs: alcohol, tobacco, caffeine. Drugs with possible illegal use: hypnotics, tranquilizers, amphetamines, inhalants. Illegal drugs: opiates, cocaine, cannabis, hallucinogens. Dangerousness Sorted by WHO: 4 groups:
- Group 1: opium and its derivatives.
- Group 2: tranquilizers and alcohol.
- Group 3: cocaine and amphetamines.
- Group 4: LSD, cannabis, etc.
More dangerous: those that produce physical dependence, create dependence faster, and have the greatest toxicity. Less
Read MorePharmacy Fundamentals: Products, Skin Health, and Grammar Basics
English Language Fundamentals
Present Simple Tense
- Usage: Everyday actions, sometimes, always, never, often.
- Structure: He/She/It + verb + ‘s’.
- Questions: Do/Does…?
- Negatives: Don’t/Doesn’t.
Present Continuous Tense
- Usage: Actions happening now, right now, at the moment.
- Structure: Verb ‘to be’ + verb + ‘-ing’.
- Questions: Are you…?
- Negatives: Aren’t/Isn’t + verb + ‘-ing’.
Prepositions of Place
- On: Encima (on top of)
- In front of: En frente (in front of)
- Behind: Detrás (behind)
- Above: Por encima (above, not
Definitions: Encounter, Memorial, and More
Definitions
Encounter: a meeting, especially one that happens by chance.
Memorial: an object, often large and made of stone, that has been built to honour a famous person or event.
Stunned: very shocked or surprised.
Firsthand: If you experience something firsthand, you experience it yourself.
Carvings: a shape or pattern cut into wood or stone or the skill of doing this.
Immortalized: to make someone or something so famous that that person or thing is remembered for a very long time.
Gazing: to look at
Read MoreUnderstanding Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Behaviors, and Cognition
Understanding Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by self-induced weight loss driven by a pathological concern about body shape and weight. This concern leads to excessive control over food intake. Individuals with anorexia experience a progressive loss of appetite and a perceived need to restrict food. While it commonly emerges during adolescence (ages 14-18), it can also occur in older adults (ages 20-40). Although more prevalent in women, anorexia also affects
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