Clinical Case Studies: Diagnosis and Laboratory Interpretation in Internal Medicine
Case 1: Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia
A 43-year-old patient complains of back pain, darkened urine, general weakness, and dizziness that occurred after treating a cold with aspirin and ampicillin. Objectively, the patient is pale with subicteric sclera. Heart Rate (HR) is 98 bpm. The liver is palpable +2 cm, and the spleen is palpable +3 cm (hepatosplenomegaly).
Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Biochemical Analysis
- RBCs: 2.6 × 1012/l
- Hb: 60 g/l
- Color Index: 0.9 (N: 0.85–1)
- WBCs: 9.4 × 109/l
- Basophils:
Clinical Protocols for Major Chronic Diseases in Kazakhstan
1. Arterial Hypertension (AH): Diagnosis and Management
Topics Covered: Epidemiology of arterial hypertension (AH), classification, risk stratification (SCORE scale assessment of cardiovascular risk), laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of AH, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis of elevated blood pressure, and management strategy based on the degree of hypertension, risk groups, and comorbidities.
AH Management Summary:
Arterial Hypertension (AH) is a widespread chronic disease and a major
Read MoreUnderstanding Blood Health, Medical Terms, and Wellness
Understanding Blood Health and Related Medical Terminology
- Blood:
- The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body’s tissues.
- Blood Cell / Célula Sanguínea:
- Any of the kinds of cells normally found circulating in the blood (e.g., red cells, white cells, platelets).
- Blood Type / Tipo de Sangre:
- Another term for blood group, determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red
Common Diseases of the Mouth, Pharynx, and Larynx
Stomatitis
Definition
- Inflammation of the oral mucosa, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth.
Etiology
- Infectious: viral (e.g., *HSV*), bacterial, fungal (e.g., *candidiasis*).
- Non-infectious: aphthous ulcers, trauma, nutritional deficiencies (B12, iron, folate), autoimmune diseases (e.g., *lichen planus*).
- Irritants: poor oral hygiene, smoking, alcohol, spicy foods, certain medications (e.g., chemotherapy).
Clinical Features
- Painful oral ulcers or erythema.
- Swelling,
Vocabulary and Idioms from World War II Contexts
Vocabulary and Phrases Reference
Gobsmacked
So shocked that you cannot speak.
Chuckle
Laugh quietly.
Not by a long chalk
Not in any way.
Whooping
A loud cry of excitement.
Tutting
Sound made to show you disapprove of something.
Mutterings
To grumble and speak in low tones.
It rained cat and dogs
It rained heavily.
Whipped away
To bring or take something quickly.
Clutching my hand
Hold something tightly in fear, worry, or pain.
Strapping boy
Strong and healthy.
Confide
To trust.
His pride and joy
Someone important
Human Sensory Organs and Nervous System Health
The Senses of Hearing
Health of Sensory Organs
Vision Disorders
- Short-sightedness (Myopia): Distant objects appear out of focus because the eyeball is too long, causing images to focus *in front of* the retina. Concave lenses or surgery can correct this.
- Long-sightedness (Hypermetropia): Close objects appear out of focus because the eyeball is too short. This causes images to focus *behind* the retina. Convex lenses or surgery can correct this.
- Astigmatism: Objects appear distorted or blurred. It is