Pharmacology of NSAIDs, Anticoagulants, and Diuretics
NSAIDs: Classification and Mechanism of Action
NSAIDs have the following group of drugs:
- 1. Analgesic
- 2. Antipyretic
- 3. Anti-inflammatory
Classification of NSAIDs
A. Nonselective COX Inhibitors (Traditional NSAIDs)
- Salicylates: Aspirin
- Propionic acid derivatives: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen.
- Anthranilic acid derivative: Mefenamic acid
- Aryl-acetic acid derivatives: Diclofenac, Aceclofenac.
- Oxicam derivatives: Piroxicam, Tenoxicam.
- Pyrrolo-pyrrole derivative: Ketorolac
- Indole derivative: Indomethacin.
Honeybee Species, Colony Castes and Beekeeping in India
Cultivable Honeybee Species in India
In India, while several species of honeybees exist in the wild, only a few are truly cultivable (meaning they can be kept in artificial hives and managed by humans). The distinction between “wild” and “cultivable” is crucial: wild species like the Rock Bee (Apis dorsata) produce high amounts of honey but are too aggressive and nomadic to be kept in boxes.
Primary Cultivable Species
Two species dominate commercial and domestic beekeeping in India because they are
Clinical Case Studies: Diagnosis and Laboratory Interpretation in Internal Medicine
Case 1: Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia
A 43-year-old patient complains of back pain, darkened urine, general weakness, and dizziness that occurred after treating a cold with aspirin and ampicillin. Objectively, the patient is pale with subicteric sclera. Heart Rate (HR) is 98 bpm. The liver is palpable +2 cm, and the spleen is palpable +3 cm (hepatosplenomegaly).
Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Biochemical Analysis
- RBCs: 2.6 × 1012/l
- Hb: 60 g/l
- Color Index: 0.9 (N: 0.85–1)
- WBCs: 9.4 × 109/l
- Basophils:
Clinical Protocols for Major Chronic Diseases in Kazakhstan
1. Arterial Hypertension (AH): Diagnosis and Management
Topics Covered: Epidemiology of arterial hypertension (AH), classification, risk stratification (SCORE scale assessment of cardiovascular risk), laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of AH, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis of elevated blood pressure, and management strategy based on the degree of hypertension, risk groups, and comorbidities.
AH Management Summary:
Arterial Hypertension (AH) is a widespread chronic disease and a major
Read MoreUnderstanding Blood Health, Medical Terms, and Wellness
Understanding Blood Health and Related Medical Terminology
- Blood:
- The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body’s tissues.
- Blood Cell / Célula Sanguínea:
- Any of the kinds of cells normally found circulating in the blood (e.g., red cells, white cells, platelets).
- Blood Type / Tipo de Sangre:
- Another term for blood group, determined by the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red
Common Diseases of the Mouth, Pharynx, and Larynx
Stomatitis
Definition
- Inflammation of the oral mucosa, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth.
Etiology
- Infectious: viral (e.g., *HSV*), bacterial, fungal (e.g., *candidiasis*).
- Non-infectious: aphthous ulcers, trauma, nutritional deficiencies (B12, iron, folate), autoimmune diseases (e.g., *lichen planus*).
- Irritants: poor oral hygiene, smoking, alcohol, spicy foods, certain medications (e.g., chemotherapy).
Clinical Features
- Painful oral ulcers or erythema.
- Swelling,