Shock Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Emergency Treatment
Shock: Pathophysiology and Cascades
SHOCK:
Px: 1. Decreased perfusion and O2 delivery to cells. 2. Inadequate aerobic metabolism. 3. Results in Cascade I and II.
Cascade I: Cellular Response
- Cells shift to anaerobic metabolism.
- Increased CO2 production and accumulation of lactic acid.
- Progressive decline in cell function.
- If shock persists, irreversible cellular damage occurs.
Clinical Features, Tests and Causes
| CF | Tests | Causes |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Food Allergies, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) & Space Tourism Facts
Food Allergies
Reading 1: True/False Statements
- False — “Sometimes, an allergic person may suffer a reaction from simply touching or smelling the dangerous food.”
- True — “by releasing chemicals such as histamine, which cause an allergic reaction.”
- True — “an anaphylactic reaction, which results in a decrease in the flow of blood to the heart, lungs or brain.”
- False — “recent research shows that teenagers … tend to minimise the risks.”
Lexicon
- something that is incorrect — a
Pharmacology of NSAIDs, Anticoagulants, and Diuretics
NSAIDs: Classification and Mechanism of Action
NSAIDs have the following group of drugs:
- 1. Analgesic
- 2. Antipyretic
- 3. Anti-inflammatory
Classification of NSAIDs
A. Nonselective COX Inhibitors (Traditional NSAIDs)
- Salicylates: Aspirin
- Propionic acid derivatives: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen.
- Anthranilic acid derivative: Mefenamic acid
- Aryl-acetic acid derivatives: Diclofenac, Aceclofenac.
- Oxicam derivatives: Piroxicam, Tenoxicam.
- Pyrrolo-pyrrole derivative: Ketorolac
- Indole derivative: Indomethacin.
Honeybee Species, Colony Castes and Beekeeping in India
Cultivable Honeybee Species in India
In India, while several species of honeybees exist in the wild, only a few are truly cultivable (meaning they can be kept in artificial hives and managed by humans). The distinction between “wild” and “cultivable” is crucial: wild species like the Rock Bee (Apis dorsata) produce high amounts of honey but are too aggressive and nomadic to be kept in boxes.
Primary Cultivable Species
Two species dominate commercial and domestic beekeeping in India because they are
Clinical Case Studies: Diagnosis and Laboratory Interpretation in Internal Medicine
Case 1: Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia
A 43-year-old patient complains of back pain, darkened urine, general weakness, and dizziness that occurred after treating a cold with aspirin and ampicillin. Objectively, the patient is pale with subicteric sclera. Heart Rate (HR) is 98 bpm. The liver is palpable +2 cm, and the spleen is palpable +3 cm (hepatosplenomegaly).
Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Biochemical Analysis
- RBCs: 2.6 × 1012/l
- Hb: 60 g/l
- Color Index: 0.9 (N: 0.85–1)
- WBCs: 9.4 × 109/l
- Basophils:
Clinical Protocols for Major Chronic Diseases in Kazakhstan
1. Arterial Hypertension (AH): Diagnosis and Management
Topics Covered: Epidemiology of arterial hypertension (AH), classification, risk stratification (SCORE scale assessment of cardiovascular risk), laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of AH, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis of elevated blood pressure, and management strategy based on the degree of hypertension, risk groups, and comorbidities.
AH Management Summary:
Arterial Hypertension (AH) is a widespread chronic disease and a major
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