Statistics Cheat Sheet: Key Concepts and Formulas
Variables and Confounding
Types of Variables
Numerical (Measurable):
- Continuous (Range): Values can fall within a range.
- Discrete (Limited Value): Values have specific, limited possibilities.
Categorical:
- Nominal (Unordered): Categories have no inherent order.
- Ordinal (Ordered): Categories have a natural order.
Confounding Variables
A confounding variable is associated with both the explanatory and response variables, potentially influencing the observed relationship between them. It is not a consequence
Read MoreAccounting Concepts and Transactions
Bank’s Cash Balance: Company’s Cash Balance: – Gross profit = net sales revenue – cost of goods sold
+ Deposits outstanding + Notes received by bank – Initial Inventory + Purchased Inventory – Ending Inventory = COGS
– Checks outstanding + Interest received
– Unrecorded payments
Read MoreFinance Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts & Formulas
Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 4: Time Value of Money
Present Value (PV)
The current value of future cash flows discounted at the appropriate discount rate, calculated at t = 0 on a timeline.
Formula: PV = FV / (1+r)^t
Discount Rate
The rate of return used to determine the present value of future cash flows. It represents the minimum rate of return required by an investor or business to undertake an investment project or value an investment opportunity.
Future Value (FV)
The amount an investment is worth
Read MoreUnderstanding Forest Dynamics: Growth, Management, and Modeling
1. Forest Types and Functions
Productive Forests
- Wood
- Biomass
- Seed
- Resin
Protective Forests
- Carbon sequestration
- Water regulation
- Oxygen production
- Soil protection
Special Function Forests
- Recreation
- Landscape
- Tourism
- Game
2. Forest Rotation Management Processes
Clear Cut Method
Positives: Simple logistics, ideal for intolerant species regeneration (e.g., Douglas fir).
Negatives: High environmental impact, potential soil erosion, replantation required.
Shelterwood Cut Method
Positives: Remaining trees protect natural
Read MoreMarket Research and Segmentation: A Comprehensive Guide
Scope of Business Research
Understanding Consumer Behavior
Business research plays a crucial role in understanding consumer motivations, behavior, and attitudes towards products, brands, and companies. It helps assess the influence of reference groups and gauge customer satisfaction levels. The research process typically involves the following steps:
- Presentation of a business problem
- Preliminary investigation
- Specification of research objectives
- Obtaining information
- Data processing
- Analysis and interpretation
Understanding Level of Aspiration and Goal Setting Behavior
Level of Aspiration/ Goal Setting Behavior
Name of the Test:
Name of the Tester:
Name of the testee:
Educational Qualification of the testee:
Age of the testee: Gender of the testee:
Mental Status of the testee:
Purpose:
To determine the level of aspiration or goal setting behavior of the testee.
Introduction
Human beings frequently attempt to reach a certain level of excellence which may be called the level of aspiration. According to John Drever, ‘level of aspiration (LoA) is best explained as a frame of
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