Machine Learning Exam Preparation: Key Concepts and Formulas
MACHINE LEARNING — EXAM CHEAT SHEET
Built from your notes’ Model Question Paper — the exact questions likely to repeat
MODULE I — ML Foundations & Concept Learning
Q1(a). What is Machine Learning? Applications? [4M]
- Definition: A field where computers learn patterns from data or experience instead of being explicitly programmed for every rule.
- Mitchell’s formal definition: A program learns from experience E with respect to task T and performance measure P, if performance on T (measured by P)
Machine Learning Fundamentals: Concepts and Techniques
Core Machine Learning Concepts
- ML: Building systems that learn patterns from data rather than using hand-coded rules.
- Supervised Classification: Labels represent classes or categories.
- Regression: Predicts a numeric target value.
- Unsupervised Learning: Examples include clustering blog visitors or visualization algorithms (2D/3D output).
- Logistic Regression: Primarily used for classification tasks.
- Learning Strategies:
- Batch Learning: Trained offline on a full dataset, then deployed.
- Online Learning: Useful
CUDA Programming and Distributed Systems Fundamentals
CUDA and GPU Architecture
- Core Intuition: Data parallelism (same operations on many independent data points).
- GPU vs. CPU Cores: GPU cores are weaker individually but significantly more numerous (10,000+ in modern data centers).
- CPU Strengths: Sequential, branchy, and latency-bound workloads.
- CPU Silicon Investment: Branch predictors, caches, and deep pipelines.
- Latency Hiding: GPUs use thread oversubscription (warp switching).
- SIMT (Single Instruction, Multiple Threads): Allows per-thread program counters.
Web Security Interview Questions and Answers
Q21. XSS in HTML Attributes
Q21. User input is reflected inside an HTML attribute: <input value="USER_INPUT">. Write a payload that breaks out of the attribute and executes alert(1).
Answer: You close the attribute and the tag, then add a new element with an event handler. A working payload is: "><img src=x onerror=alert(1)>. The "> ends the value and the input tag, and the broken image fires onerror. An attribute-only variant is " onfocus=alert(1) autofocus=", which adds an event
Essential Cybersecurity Concepts: Passwords, Proxies, and Attacks
Understanding Password Security
A password is a secret code used to protect devices, accounts, and data from unauthorized access. Passwords are categorized as strong, weak, or random based on their security level.
1. Strong Passwords
A strong password is difficult to guess and contains a combination of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers, and special symbols.
Example: N!l@yan2025#
Key Features:
- Long and complex
- Hard to crack
- Highly secure
2. Weak Passwords
A weak password is easy to guess because
Read MoreUnderstanding the OSI Model Application Layer
The Application Layer is the topmost layer of the OSI Model. It is the layer closest to the user and provides network services directly to end-user applications.
What the Application Layer Does
- Acts as the interface between user applications and the network.
- Enables software like browsers, email clients, and file transfer tools to communicate over a network.
- Provides services such as:
- File transfer
- Email communication
- Web browsing
- Remote login
Common Protocols at the Application Layer
- HTTP: Used for web browsing.