Core Mathematical Concepts: Theorems, Matrices, and Vector Fields
The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix, and let $P_A(\lambda)$ be its characteristic polynomial. The characteristic polynomial is defined as:
$$P_A(\lambda) = \det(\lambda I – A)$$
Expanding this determinant, we can write it as a polynomial in $\lambda$:
$$P_A(\lambda) = a_n \lambda^n + a_{n-1} \lambda^{n-1} + \cdots + a_1 \lambda + a_0$$
The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem states that every square matrix $A$ satisfies its own characteristic equation. This means that if we substitute the
Read MoreDiscrete Mathematics Problem Solving Techniques and Solutions
Discrete Mathematics Problem Set Solutions
1. (d) Constructing Venn Diagrams for Set Expressions
Illustrate the following set expressions using Venn diagrams:
- \( \bar{A} \) (Complement of A)
- \( A \Delta B \) (Symmetric Difference)
Solution Instructions:
- For \( \bar{A} \): Shade the region outside set \( A \) in a single circle diagram.
- For \( A \Delta B \) (Symmetric Difference): Shade the regions in two circles representing \( A \) and \( B \) that are exclusively in \( A \) or \( B \) (i.e., \( A \cap
Verifying a Solution for a First-Order Partial Differential Equation
Problem Statement and Given Solution
We are tasked with showing that the given function $u$ satisfies the following partial differential equation (PDE):
𝑥𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑥−𝑦𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑦=𝑦2𝑢3
The proposed solution is:
𝑢=(1+2𝑥𝑦+𝑦2)−12
1. Calculate the Partial Derivative 𝜕𝑢/𝜕𝑥
Using the chain rule, we differentiate $u$ with respect to $x$:
𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑥=−12(1+2𝑥𝑦+𝑦2)−32⋅(2𝑦)=−𝑦(1+2𝑥𝑦+𝑦2)−32