Understanding Sentence Structure: Subject, Predicate, and Complements
Understanding Sentence Structure
Subject
The subject consists of: I, we, (as), you, you, you, (as), el, she, this, this, them, (as).
Predicate
The predicate consists of a verb, verb copula + attribute.
Verbal Nucleus
It is the Word.
Direct Object (Complemento Directo)
The direct object is the noun phrase that transitive verbs need to complete their meaning, sometimes preceded by the preposition (a) and may be replaced by pronouns: lo, la, los, las. (Will the VERB (QUE). (ONLY ONE CAN GET THE PHRASE). Verb
Read MoreUnderstanding Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics and Phonology: Sounds of Language
Place of Articulation
The location of a consonant’s obstruction in the vocal tract:
- Bilabials: Involve closure or constriction of the two lips.
- Labiodentals: Involve constriction of the upper teeth and lower lip.
- Dentals: Involve constriction of the tongue tip and the upper teeth.
- Alveolars: Involve constriction of the tongue tip and the alveolar ridge.
- Post-alveolars: Involve constriction of the tongue tip and the palate, just behind the alveolar ridge.
- Palatals:
Phonemes, Syllables, and Word Classes
Phonemes and Sounds
Sounds: Are the actual emissions of each of the speakers, while the mental image of the units to meet these constant acoustic properties are phonemes.
Phonemes: These are made up of a set of distinctive features that distinguish one phoneme from the others.
- Vowel Phonemes: Occur when air passes through the vocal cords, and these vibrate, resulting in a sound that does not encounter any barrier in its path.
- Consonant Phonemes: The air vent is not free, but it encounters an obstacle
Levels of Language Use and Verbal Periphrasis
Levels of Language Use
Three levels are distinguished:
- Cultivated Level: Characterized by an elaborated code and adherence to grammatical rules (primarily written language).
- Reflective and thoughtful language.
- Complete and correct syntactic structures.
- Precise and varied lexicon.
- An original style and creativity.
- Colloquial or Familiar Level: Employs a restricted code with common expressions (primarily oral).
- Improvised, spontaneous, fast, and direct expression.
- Short sentences (sometimes incomplete).
- Less
Morphological, Syntactic Change, and Grammaticalization
Morphological Change, Syntactic Change, Grammaticalization
Morphological Change
Morphological Typology
Languages can be classified typologically, according to their characteristics:
- Isolating or analytic
- Agglutinating or agglutinative
- Inflectional or inflecting
Isolating languages:
- One (free) morpheme per word
- Words do not use affixes
- Word order is very important.
- Chinese júzi wo chi le “orange I eat past”
Agglutinative languages:
- A word may contain several morphemes (a root and a number of affixes). They
Adjective Phrases and Adjectives: Structure, Functions, and Types
Adjectival Phrase: Structure and Functions
Constituents of the Adjective Phrase
The adjective phrase (AdjP) is a phrase whose core is an adjective. This core can have two types of modifiers:
- Specifiers: Usually adverbs of quantity that express the degree or intensity of the adjective.
- Complements: Prepositional phrases that modify the meaning of the adjective.
Functions of the Adjective Phrase
Adjective phrases can function as:
- Complements within a noun phrase.
- Attributes in a copular sentence (with verbs