Understanding State Budgets: Definition, Cycle, and Approval
State General Budgets
The budget can be defined as the legislative act that authorizes the maximum amount of expenditure undertaken during the financial period and anticipates the revenue needed to finance them. Annual expressions are adopted by law in the courts, computed in which obligations are determined as the maximum the State can recognize, as well as the entire income toward each other concepts. The corresponding period is expected to obtain the preparation of the quotation for the government,
Read MoreDecree Law in Spain: Understanding its Use and Limits
Decree Law (Article 86 of the Spanish Constitution)
A decree law is a legal rule with the force of law that the Government dictates in cases of extraordinary and urgent necessity. Both elements must be present, which are referred to by legal doctrine as the “enabling event.”
The Constitutional Court refrains from establishing when there is “extraordinary necessity,” and this function is left to Parliament. However, the Court does determine if the subject matter should be regulated urgently, and if
Read MoreUnderstanding the Spanish Constitution: Key Principles
Item 3: Core Principles of the Spanish Constitution
State of Law
The Rule of Law Measurement Principle: The state guarantees the exercise of fundamental rights. It divides the exercise of state powers between different institutions and subordinates its actions to the law, an expression of the will of the people.
Rule of Law: The popular expression of the will. Self-government for citizens requires the subordination of state powers to the will of the people expressed through their representatives. It
Read MoreUnderstanding Taxes, Rates, and Special Contributions in Spain
**Concept of Tribute**
Tribute is the obligation to pay a sum of money to the government to sustain public expenditure. Clause 21 of the General Tax Law (LGT) states that “taxes are the revenues which consist of cash benefits required by the Government as a consequence of making the assumption that the law made it duty-bound to contribute.”
**Specifications**
- a) Monetary obligation: It is to give an amount of money.
- b) Obligation required by a public entity.
- c) Legal obligation: It has to be made by
International Law: Airspace, Outer Space, Sea, and Environment
Airspace
Airspace refers to the atmosphere above a state’s territory, including land and territorial waters, and is distinct from outer space, which begins at an undefined boundary. States have exclusive sovereignty over their airspace, as established by the Paris Convention of 1919. However, international aviation is regulated to allow limited freedoms under agreements like the Chicago Convention of 1944. The Tokyo Convention of 1963 assigns primary jurisdiction for offenses on aircraft to the state
Read MoreUnderstanding Administrative Acts: Legal Framework and Procedures
Administrative Act: Definition and Elements
An administrative act is a declaration of intention, knowledge, or opinion rendered by the Public Administration in the exercise of its administrative power. This declaration will legally affect the administered. The objective element is the conduct of a person or other administrative body, a given good, and a legal situation. The statement must be lawful, being subject to the law, and possible. The formal element requires a particular procedure; administrative
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