International Responsibility: Development, Elements, and Application
Development of the Law of International Responsibility
The development of the law of international responsibility is contained mainly in customary law. However, it is important to clarify the following:
- It does not contain the primary rules of international law (which would be impossible), that is, those whose violation gives rise to international responsibility. It only reflects the secondary consequences of the violation of any international standard.
- It only encodes the rules governing state responsibility
State Budgets: Understanding the Legislative Framework
Concept of General State Budgets
The General State Budgets (PGE) are a legislative act authorizing the maximum expenditure to be carried out during the financial year and the anticipated revenues needed to finance it. Annual budgets are approved by a law voted in the courts, establishing a maximum of obligations to be recognized by the state and its autonomous bodies, the full costs of the various entities that make up the state public sector, and all other income that each entity is expected to
Read MorePublic Financial Law and Tax Law: Principles and Concepts
Public Financial Law
Public Financial Law (PFL) is an area of law that studies the financial activity of public entities, their legal regimen, and the management of the public treasury. We understand financial activity as an activity related to the obtainment of revenue and expenditure with which the state can satisfy collective needs, such as education. As an object of knowledge, PFL is concerned with the financial activity performed by regional and institutional bodies. The function of these bodies
Read MoreMunicipal Rights, Obligations, and Inter-Municipal Cooperation
Rights and Obligations of Citizens
Citizens have the following rights and obligations within their municipalities:
- a) To vote and participate in elections in accordance with electoral legislation.
- b) To participate in municipal management as outlined by law.
- c) To use municipal utilities and access communal land, in accordance with regulations.
- d) To contribute, through economic and personal means, to the legal conduct of municipal powers.
- e) To be informed, upon reasoned request, and to directly request
Spanish Confiscations: Mendizabal and Madoz (1836-1924)
Confiscation During the Liberal Revolution in the Reign of Elizabeth II
D) New annulment of the measures of the Absolutist Decade (1823-1833).
Mendizabal’s Confiscation (1836)
- Affected the goods of the clergy.
- Resulted in the elimination of numerous religious orders.
- Objective: Raising funds for the expenses of the First Carlist War and public debt.
1837 Estates Law
- Pretended to convert the property linked to the Ancien Régime into free property that could circulate in the market.
1841 (During Regency
Read MoreUnderstanding the European Union: Institutions and Law
Lisbon Treaty
- More effective: Simpler procedures, permanent chairman of the congress.
- More democratic: Increased European Parliament powers and citizen initiative. Includes Charter of Fundamental Rights.
- More transparent: Clarifies the role of each institution, greater access for citizens.
- More united on the world stage: High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
- More secure: Combating climate change and terrorism.
The European Union is the largest provider of development aid.