International Environmental Law: Transboundary Pollution and Resource Disputes
Problem-Based Question (PBQ):
Scenario: Country A, an industrialized nation, operates a chemical plant near the border of Country B, a developing nation. The chemical plant releases harmful pollutants, including sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxides, into the atmosphere. Over time, these pollutants cross the border into Country B, resulting in significant harm to its forests, water resources, and agriculture. Despite repeated complaints from Country B, Country A continues its operations without implementing
Read MoreForming Sports Entities in Asturias: Clubs, SAD, Federations
Club Deportivo Basic
Concept: A slightly more complex structure to establish a sports club. Based on sports associations, these are non-profit organizations with legal personality, legal capacity, and their own heritage, organization, and administration. They are established to promote, facilitate practice, and encourage the participation of their members in sports activities.
Constitution
The promoters or founders must register the club’s founding charter in the Register of Sports Entities of Asturias.
Read MoreSpanish Territory: Domicile, Business, and Tax Implications
Who is Not Established on Spanish Territory?
It appears that it requires the concurrence of three negatives: He who has neither his domicile, nor his place of business, nor a fixed establishment on Spanish territory.
Fiscal Address
Tax residence of the entity that is where its central administration is, and in its absence, where the higher value of the assets is located (Article 48 of the Tax Code). Usually, the tax residence may agree or coincide with the registered office.
Permanent Establishment
Its
Read MoreUnderstanding Jus Cogens and Treaty Amendments in International Law
Binding Rules on States
These rules are binding on all states, as defined in Article 53 of the Vienna Convention of 1969. They are standards that meet the following requirements: being accepted and recognized, with no derogation permitted. They may only be modified by a subsequent norm.
Consequences Established by the Convention
As a result, the Convention itself establishes consequences: any treaty that conflicts with a norm of jus cogens is void. If a new rule of jus cogens conflicts with a prior
Read MoreLegal Person: Corporations, Associations, and Foundations
T.3: Legal Person – Creation of the legal person status, individuality, legal capacity, autonomy, and heritage. Pooling of assets or individuals who come together for a particular purpose and independent individuals involved. CC Article 35 mentions 3 types of legal entities:
Corporations
Public law entities such as municipalities, provinces, universities, and professional associations.
Associations
A group of people united by a common goal of achieving general interest and not particularly lucrative.
Read MoreSpanish Tax System: Contributions, Taxes, and Fees
General Tax Act 58/2003 (LGT)
CC. art. 2 LGT. It is a source of Public Revenue (PR) that consists in economic payments required by Public Administration (PA) when a set of conditions of fact are met for which an act of parliament establishes the obligation (OB) to contribute, whose primary aim is to obtain the resources needed to finance public expenditure. Features:
- CC assesses the economic capacity. The principle (PP) of economic capacity is the true principle of justice in the scope of financial