Understanding Public International Law: Key Principles
Fundamentals of Public International Law
Introduction
Compared with the national laws of States, public international law is a legal discipline characterized by institutional weaknesses that motivate uncertainty and relativism at the policy level, deficiencies in the prevention and punishment of violations, and politicization in resolving disputes.
Definition
Professor Suy distinguished three categories of definitions of international law:
- Target-based: The set of rules governing relations between states.
Free Movement of Capital: Regulations and Exceptions
Free Movement of Capital in the EU
The legislation aims to eliminate all obstacles and restrictions to the free movement of capital and payments, unless there is a justification, similar to other freedoms. Cross-border capital transactions—such as purchasing currency, buying real estate, company shares, loans, operating accounts, financial assets, or foreign direct investment—cannot be limited.
This freedom is considered a supplementary element to the other three freedoms. The main principles
Read MoreTypes of Public Officials and Administrative Status
Types of Officials
Officials by Race: Operate under legal appointment, performing services in a permanent post and receiving fixed salaries from the State budget.
General Use Officials: Serving with Administration temporarily. Can be:
- Eventual (special counseling activities or trust jobs)
- Interim (covering a vacant position)
Officials in Practice: Must pass staff selection tests and conduct a training course to access their post.
Statutory Officials: Those who are subject to specific regulations different
Read MoreUnderstanding Joint Obligations and Pecuniary Debts
Measurement Principle Report: Obligations Pool
B) Obligations Pool
The Commonwealth responds with the idea of community among the different subjects included in each part. This is reflected in the action, both as passive and active, of coordinated action. The measurement principle states that the right only causes damage to the collective acts of the creditors or debtors. If one party does something detrimental, only that one party is obligated to compensate, becoming partially liable. An exception
Read MoreUnderstanding Labor Law: Principles, Sources, and Transnational Aspects
1.1. Object and Functions of Labor Law
Labor Law is a branch of Law that governs the relationship between two parties: the employer and the employee or worker. This relationship is based on a contract, specifically the employment contract.
Regarding the employment contract, there are two distinct levels:
- Individual Labor Relations: This refers to the rights and obligations of both the employer and the employee.
- Collective Labor Relations: This involves workers uniting to address inequalities and insecurities
Direct vs. Indirect Tax Estimation Methods Explained
Direct vs. Indirect Tax Estimation Methods
Direct Estimation
The direct estimate is the standard method for determining the taxable amount. This approach, governed by ART. 50.3/51 LGT, relies on real data to accurately measure the taxpayer’s economic capacity, ensuring fair taxation.
This method is used in the following scenarios:
- When the tax administration quantifies or settles debts based on data provided by the taxpayer, such as in the IAE (Economic Activities Tax), where the taxpayer specifies