Compulsory Contributions: Taxes, Fees, and Special Levies
Compulsory Contributions: A Legal Concept
Compulsory contributions are a legal concept and a source of public revenue. They consist of economic payments required by a Public Administration (PA) when a set of conditions are met, for which an Act of Parliament established the obligation to contribute. Their primary aim is to obtain the resources needed to finance public expenditure. Apart from financing public expenditure, compulsory contributions could serve as an instrument of general economic
Read MoreContract Management and Supply Contracts in Public Services
Implementation of Contract Management Services
General Obligations of the Contractor:
- Provide the agreed service continuity and guarantee individuals the right to use it under the established conditions and through the payment, if any, of the economic consideration, falling within the approved rates.
- Ensure the good order of service; may issue the appropriate instructions.
- Compensate for damage caused to third parties as a result of the operations required for the development of the service, except
Understanding Public International Law: Key Principles
Fundamentals of Public International Law
Introduction
Compared with the national laws of States, public international law is a legal discipline characterized by institutional weaknesses that motivate uncertainty and relativism at the policy level, deficiencies in the prevention and punishment of violations, and politicization in resolving disputes.
Definition
Professor Suy distinguished three categories of definitions of international law:
- Target-based: The set of rules governing relations between states.
Free Movement of Capital: Regulations and Exceptions
Free Movement of Capital in the EU
The legislation aims to eliminate all obstacles and restrictions to the free movement of capital and payments, unless there is a justification, similar to other freedoms. Cross-border capital transactions—such as purchasing currency, buying real estate, company shares, loans, operating accounts, financial assets, or foreign direct investment—cannot be limited.
This freedom is considered a supplementary element to the other three freedoms. The main principles
Read MoreTypes of Public Officials and Administrative Status
Types of Officials
Officials by Race: Operate under legal appointment, performing services in a permanent post and receiving fixed salaries from the State budget.
General Use Officials: Serving with Administration temporarily. Can be:
- Eventual (special counseling activities or trust jobs)
- Interim (covering a vacant position)
Officials in Practice: Must pass staff selection tests and conduct a training course to access their post.
Statutory Officials: Those who are subject to specific regulations different
Read MoreUnderstanding Joint Obligations and Pecuniary Debts
Measurement Principle Report: Obligations Pool
B) Obligations Pool
The Commonwealth responds with the idea of community among the different subjects included in each part. This is reflected in the action, both as passive and active, of coordinated action. The measurement principle states that the right only causes damage to the collective acts of the creditors or debtors. If one party does something detrimental, only that one party is obligated to compensate, becoming partially liable. An exception
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