Business Activity Tax in Spain: Exemptions and Calculation
Exemptions to the Business Activity Tax (IAE)
Law 51/2002 introduced a broad scope of exemptions to the Business Activity Tax (IAE). These exemptions apply to:
- All individuals carrying out an economic activity.
- Resident companies with a turnover of less than one million euros are also exempt.
Turnover essentially refers to sales activity. There are also exemptions for the first two years of starting any activity. Additionally, there is a 50% bonus for the five years following the first two years; this
Read MoreSpanish State: Organization, Constitution, and Law
The Spanish State: Organization and Principles
State: A form of social organization that has the power to regulate life within a determined territory. Its elements are Population, Territory, and Sovereignty.
Rule of Law (Principles)
- Popular Sovereignty: In a democracy, the people rule the State through elected representatives who create and enforce laws.
- Division of Powers: Legislative (exercised by the Parliament), Executive (exercised by the Government), and Judicial (exercised by State judges).
- Principle
Understanding Public Revenue Sources: A Comprehensive Analysis
Sources of Public Revenue: An Analysis
Sources:
1. Compulsory Contributions
Compulsory contributions are binding or mandatory in a modern state, constituting a significant portion of revenue. This source of public revenue (PR) consists of economic payments required by a public authority (PA).
2. Revenue from Public Assets (Ingresos Patrimoniales)
This revenue comes from the exploitation and sale of assets owned by public entities, generally regulated by private law rules. The state, autonomous communities
Read MoreEU Competition Law & Commercial Contracts: Key Concepts
EU Competition Law & Commercial Contracts
Antitrust Law: Functioning of the European Union (TFUE) Against Unfair Competition
1. Collusive Agreements
Two or more undertakings coordinate their behavior, restricting competition.
Cartels: The most serious and harmful anti-competition conduct. Agreements with competitors to:
- Raise prices
- Limit quantities produced
- Geographically divide up customers
2. Abuse of Dominant Position
High market power allows raising prices or worsening quality, damaging competitors,
Read MoreUnderstanding the UN Charter: Principles and Key Concepts
Key Principles of the UN Charter
Unique to the Charter principles: They refer to the Charter and World Organizations.
- Assistance (Art. 2.5 of the Charter of the United Nations): Members of the Organization must give it every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with this Charter, and refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
Regulates the relationship between Member States and the Organization of the United Nations.
Read MoreFederal Intervention: Definition, Features, and Assumptions
Federal Intervention is the political act of an entity intervening in the affairs of another entity that supports it.
Features:
- Temporality
- Exceptionality
- Strictness (specific)
Assumptions:
- State Defense:
- I – Maintain national integrity
- II – Repel foreign invasion or a federal unit in another
- Protection Principle Federativo:
- III – Put an end to severe disruption of public order
- IV – Guaranteeing the free exercise of any powers of the units of the Federation
- Defense Finance State:
- V – Reorganize the finances